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Go to Editorial ManagerDuring the pouring of concrete deck, the installation of external bracing between the inner and outer girders may be necessary when the bridge has sharp curve in order to control the deflection and rotation of the girders. However, it is important to minimize the number of external bracing members, as they have expensive cost and they also have opposite effects for the fatigue features of the steel tub girders. The analysis of curved box girder bridges is carried out numerically by the use of finite element method through (ANSYS 19.2) software. The curved box girder with the intermediate external diaphragms was modeled and the analysis was carried out for many parameters like external bracing sections, girders with or without concrete deck, girders with end diaphragms or without them. The study concluded that ANSYS program has a good ability in evaluating the external bracing force comparing with code equations.
The study investigates the behaviour of reinforced concrete corner joints under monotonically increasing loads which tend to increase the right angle between the two joint members. The experimental results for two case studies are considered, and the ANSYS computer code is employed to create three-dimensional models for corner joints within the context of the finite element method. The effect of reinforcement details at the corner joint is studied for commonly used detailing systems, and the nonlinear response is traced throughout the entire load range up to failure. The results obtained are generally in good agreement with the experiments, and show that the detailing system has a significant effect on corner joint behaviour, with efficiencies ranging from as low as 54% up to 147%.
In this paper, a new model of beam was built to study and simulate the buckling behavior of function graded beam. All equations of motion are derived using the principal of the minimum total potential energy and based on Euler-Bernoulli, first and high order shear deformation Timoshenko beam theory. The Navier solution is used for simply supported beam, and exact formulas found for buckling load. The properties of material of FG beam are assumed to change in thickness direction by using the power law formula. The dimensionless critical buckling load is calculated analytically by the FORTRAN program and numerically by ANSYS software. In the beginning, the analytical and numerical results are validated with results available in previous works and it is also has very good agreement in comparison with and some researchers. In the present study, the lower layer of the graded beam is made up of aluminum metal. As for the properties of the rest of the layers, they are calculated based on the modulus ratios studied. The effect of length to thickness ratio, modulus ratio, and power law index on the dimensionless critical buckling load of function graded beam calculating by FORTRAN and ANSYS programs are discussed. The numerical analysis of function graded beam offers accurate results and very close to the analytical solution using Timoshenko Beam theory.
The study investigates the behavior of reinforced concrete cylindrical shells under monotonically increasing loads. Three-dimensional models of six small-scale experimental shells with length-to-radius ratios ranging from short (0.84) to long (5.0) are implemented within the context of the finite element method, through use of the ANSYS computer code, and the nonlinear response is traced throughout the entire load range up to failure. Cracking occurs at working load levels, with subsequent reduction in shell stiffness. Increasing loads lead to failure modes varying from a beam failure in long shells, combined longitudinal and transverse cracking in intermediate length shells, and abrupt diagonal with limited transverse cracking in short shells. Ultimate load capacities range from 5.0 kPa to 60.0 kPa increasing with decreasing length-to-radius ratios.
In this study, a numerical investigation has been carried out for single phase flow behavior for thirty six internally finned tubes to demonstrate the effect of axial pitch to fin height ratio (p/e) for 0.8≤p/e≤6.345, helix angle of internal fins (β) for 30°≤β≤70°, apex angle of internal fins (α) for 0°≤α≤53.13°, internal fin height (e) for 0.6mm≤e≤1.0mm, internal tube diameter (di) with 14 mm and Reynolds number (Re) of single phase flow for 10000≤Re≤50000 on enhancement of forced convection heat transfer and reduction of friction factor by using ANSYS CFX program. It solves the three- dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for steady state turbulent with SST model and enhance wall treatment. The numerical analysis provided at fully developed velocity and temperature. Numerical results showed that the smallest axial pitch to fin height ratio (p/e) =0.8 and with apex angle α=10 degree provided enhancement of heat transfer of 2.8 to 3.55 times higher than of smooth tube. Finally, present numerical results are seen to be in good agreement with literature experimental correlations.
This numerical study was conducted to simulate and analyze the pushout test for the new shear connector in a new steel-concrete composite system. In this system, the shear stirrups of the reinforced concrete beam are used as shear connectors when passed through holes drilled in the web of inverted steel T-section. The numerical analysis was performed by creating a three-dimensional finite element model using the finite element program ANSYS 21 student version to simulate the behavior of the new innovative shear connectors. The pushout specimens analyzed in this study have been tested experimentally by the same researchers earlier. A total of fifty-six push-out specimens were modeled and analyzed to investigate the effect of many parameters on the shear strength and slip capacity of the shear connector. The parameters studied in this investigation were the specimen dimensions (length and width), the diameter of stirrups (shear connector), the number of connectors per specimen, concrete strength, size of T-section, and shape of the specimen. The finite element analysis using ANSYS gave a good prediction of the effect of studied parameters on connector strength, the failure modes, the form and intensity of deformations in the model, and the load-slip response. The maximum difference in connector strength which was observed between the numerical and experimental results was 15 %.
This research makes a two-dimensional model for a cold flat rolling process using the ANSYS program. The contact pair is used between the contact surfaces using the boundary condition of the surface-to-surface contact. The process of symmetric rolling is tested for two types of materials (aluminum and mild steel). The rolling force for (1%) to (25%) reduction of a slab of dimensions of (200 * 10) mm using (Avitzur) theoretical equations and ANSYS. The radius of the rolls for aluminum is (75) mm and that for mild steel is (300) mm. The numerical results were compared with (Avitzur) theoretical equations. The comparison shows that the values of forces calculated using (Avitzur) theoretical equations are accurate enough up to (5%) reduction, and the numerical results proved its accuracy up to (25%) reduction. The study shows that forces increase as a result of increasing the rolling metal area at the entry rate. The angle of the neutral point was also studied in this work and it is found that it decreases with the increasing reduction rate, due to an increase in the cohesion area on the sliding one within the rolling process while the theoretical results failed to calculate the angle of the neutral point correctly.
The welding process involves a very complex thermal cycle, resulting in irreversible elastic-plastic deformation, and residual stresses in and around fusion zone and heat-affected zone (HAZ). A residual stress due to welding arises from the differential heating of the pipes due to the weld heat source. However, the presence of residual stresses in and around the weld zone reduces the strength and life of the component. The objective of this work is to measure the welding residual stress in ASTM (A-106 Gr. b) steel pipes with 4" diameter and 6 mm thickness welded manually (SMAW) in a three-pass butt joint. The shielded metal arc welding process consists of heating, melting, and solidification of parent metals and a filler material in a localized fusion zone by a transient heat source to form a joint between the parent metals. The welding process was carried out without preheating and heat treatment. This measurement of residual stress occurs by using the hole-drilling strain gauge method according to (ASTM E-873), and the experimental results for residual stresses obtained from welded carbon steel pipes are used to provide validation for finite element simulations. The welding process and welding residual stress distribution is calculated by Ansys Finite Element techniques. Theoretical considerations can be assessed by a mechanical model. Overall, there is good agreement between the predicted and measured distributions of residual stress, but the magnitude of predicted stress tends to be greater in the welding region.
This research studied the critical load of composite columns theoretical and numerical by using ANSYS14 package depended on experimental tensile properties of composite specimens. The composite specimens were prepared by hand lay-up technique made from unsaturated polyester reinforced with glass fibers with different fiber volume fraction V f , aspect ratio (L/T), and angle of fibers for coarse and fine woven fibers. The critical load that obtained by using program (ANSYS 14) have also shown a good agreement with results that were obtained theoretically and the maximum difference was (0.7%). The results show that the maximum value of the critical load can be observed at V f =11%, L/T = (3.5) and θ = (0 º /90 º ) for fine woven fibers was (622.115N). Also its found the maximum critical load for coarse woven fibers can be observed at V f %=8%, L/T=(3.5) and θ = (0 º /90 º ) was (486.887N). Also the observed values of tensile properties and predicated values are scattered close to the (45 ˚ ) line.
Due to the extremely complicated thermal cycle for the welding process, the fusion zone and heat-affected zone (HAZ) produce irreversible elastic-plastic deformation and residual stresses. The differential heating of the pipes caused by the weld heat source causes residual stress as a result of the welding process. However, the strength and lifetime of the component are also decreased as a result of residual stresses in and around the weld zone. The objective of this research is to analyze the residual stresses created during the welding process and select the best welding parameters that give the lowest residual stresses in 316SS pipes with 50 mm diameter and 4 mm thickness that were manually welded by used (316) welding wire and using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) in a single-pass butt joint with the various values for each of current (58 , 68 , 78 , 88) amperes and voltage (22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26) volts. The shielded metal arc welding process involves heating, melting, and solidifying the parent metals and filler material in a localized fusion zone by a transient heat source to create a junction between the parent metals. The welding process free from preheating and heat treatment will be obtained. ANSYS Finite Element methods are used to calculate the welding residual stress distribution. The mechanical and thermal models were used to carry out the theoretical analysis. In general, the numerical study found that the residual stress distribution at the weld zone’s center is continuous, rising, and has a value of about (1738 MPa). Additionally, the residual stress at the boundary between the heat-affected zone and the weld zone climbs to a maximum value of around (3799 . 6 MPa). On the other hand, the magnitude of the residual stress in the heat-affected zone of the weld reduces significantly and achieves a minimum value at a position of (20 mm) with a value near zero.
In this study, a numerical investigation has been carried out for single phase flow behavior for thirty six internally finned tubes to demonstrate the effect of axial pitch to fin height ratio (p/e) for 0.8≤p/e≤6.345, helix angle of internal fins (β) for 30°≤β≤70°, apex angle of internal fins (α) for 0°≤α≤53.13°, internal fin height (e) for 0.6mm≤e≤1.0mm, internal tube diameter (di) with 14 mm and Reynolds number (Re) of single phase flow for 10000≤Re≤50000 on enhancement of forced convection heat transfer and reduction of friction factor by using ANSYS CFX program. It solves the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for steady state turbulent with SST model and enhance wall treatment. The numerical analysis provided at fully developed velocity and temperature. Numerical results showed that the smallest axial pitch to fin height ratio (p/e) =0.8 and with apex angle α=10 degree provided enhancement of heat transfer of 2.8 to 3.55 times higher than of smooth tube. Finally, present numerical results are seen to be in good agreement with literature experimental correlations.
The shear panels of plate girder made from corrugated in the web is investigated in this research. A corrugated web beam of plate is attached in the shear zone of the web as part of an experimental and theoretical investigation into plate girders. In experiments, seven plate girder specimens were tested under two points of load. Six of them were made of different shape of corrugated plate in the web, the last specimen was tested without corrugation as a reference specimen called control. In this study investigated the effected of (corrugation plate, thickness of corrugation with number layers of corrugated and the shape of corrugated plate) on (buckling and ultimate loads also on lateral and vertical deflection) and compared with reference specimen, these specimens have the same dimensions, the main variable was the thickness of the corrugated plate in the web (0.5, 1, and 2) mm, the depth was constant (300 mm). According to results of the experiment, the corrugated plates primarily increase the plate girder's stability. A corrugation of plate increases the buckling load and ultimate load significantly through the contribution of the corrugation to delay buckling of the plate girder in the web. In addition, it was found that increasing the plate-girder thickness leads to increased buckling and ultimate loads, because the stiffness will increase and delay the buckling. Also, the trapezoidal corrugation and the diagonal corrugate that placed perpendicular on the tension field action, give higher buckling and ultimate load than control beam. Ansys (version 17.0) computer program was used in this research represent the steel and nonlinear large structural shell was used to represent the corrugated web beam of the plate in the finite element analysis model.
This paper is concerned with a stress analysis in a bearing under unbalanced fon:es of the jownal. Some aspects of mathematical modeling of rotating structW'Cs were considered. "Finite Element Method'' is fom1ulated for modeling rotating structures. As an application, a test rotor mounted on two-lobe hydrodynamic bearings is presented. Unbalance response calculations for various unbalance magnitudes are ca1Ticd out in the bearing location. The bearing coefficients were found at rotational speed of 4,000 rpm. An accurate identification of bearing force parameters, i.e. stiffness and damping coefficients is presented by a classical linearized model. The bearing support forces in tlexiblc rotor-bearing systems are presented as a function of unbalance response of the journal. The calculation of the bearing stress due to rotor w1balance are carried out using ANSYS. The ANSYS program gives a good aids in understanding the ~tress analysis in the bearing under the action of journal rotation.
The rotor unbalances and misalignment in rotary machines are two major sources of vibration. rotor unbalance and misalignment is omnipresent in all rotating machinery widely used in many industrial applications, posing a serious threat to machine life and operation. The present work is an attempt to investigate the vibration characteristics (Amplitude, FFT, and time waveform) of a rotating mechanical system, which has an unbalanced rotor and misalignment. Vibration signals are acquired using an accelerometer mounted on the bearing housing nearer to the rotor. The FFT analysis of the acquired data revealed the response of an unbalanced rotor under operating conditions. Numerical analysis of the system using ANSYS portrayed the modal frequencies and mode shapes. Transient Structural analysis illustrates the response of the system to different mass unbalances. The results revealed that the magnitude of vibration characteristics significantly increases with excitation frequency and exciting force.
AISI 4330 Low-alloy steel is good material for advanced application because of its properties including strength and longevity. However, performance may be modified with heat treatment procedures, include quenching and tempering. These processes can create residual stresses and retained austenite (RA), which have an effect on the metal's application. these factors influence fatigue life, dimensional stability, and fracture toughness of engineered components. uncontrolled residual stresses can reduce fatigue strength by up to 30%, while optimal retained austenite content (e.g., 5-10%) can enhance damage tolerance. This study focuses on residual stresses and retained austenite measurement in AISI 4330 low-alloy steel after heat treatment. including experimental and simulation methods. The review summarizes many scientific studies published between 2019 and 2024 and shows some main challenges. One challenge is the difference between experimental results (for example, from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and neutron (diffraction) and simulation results (especially using ANSYS software). Another challenge is that different methods for measuring retained austenite can give different results, which can change how we understand the steel's properties. The review also explains new progress in modeling heat treatment. This includes adding phase transformation models to finite element simulations. Future efforts should combine multiscale simulation, characterization, and machine learning to achieve predictive control over these properties in manufacturing.
In this research, the mechanical properties were studied from the experimental, theoretical, and numerical aspects of the sports prosthetic foot for the purpose of providing a sporty prosthetic limb with high performance, easy to use and an appropriate financial cost to use by amputees who have lost their lower limbs (amputation below the knee) in practicing their sports activities and overcoming physical disability. The dimensions of the blades were calculated based on side profiles from European patent specifications. The chosen fibers have high strength, are light in weight, and can be purchased for a lower price than the materials that are used in the production of the sports prosthetic feet that are already on the market and are produced by specialized companies such as Ottobock and Ossur. Six laminates of the composite material consisting of matrix orthocryl lamination 80:20 pro reinforced with different fibers (Kevlar fibers, carbon fibers, glass fibers, and perlon fibers) were fabricated in the form of rectangles using the vacuum system and then cut to the required dimensions using a CNC machine. The density and volume fraction of the samples and the use of the rule of mixtures to calculate the mechanical properties of the laminates were calculated and entered into the ANSYS program. Then the boundary conditions were applied to the athlete's prosthetic foot and the total deformation, and the total strain energy was calculated to find out the best laminates in the athlete's foot industry. It was noticed that the laminates reinforced with carbon fibers were better than the laminates reinforced with glass fibers in terms of Young’s Modulus, as well as deformation. The best laminate obtained is (12 K + 4 C).
The studying of fluid flow throughout fracture in the reservoir is one of the most vital subjects attracted much attention from engineers and geologists. In the present paper, the Dual Porosity-Dual Permeability (DPDP) model has been applied to represent the fluid flow within the fractured reservoirs. This work aimed to demonstrate the utility of the fractures in the petroleum reservoir and how could be used the positive effect of these fractures on the productivity as well. The productivity of single-phase fluid flow within the single horizontal fracture, multi horizontal fractures, and inclined fracture with different orientations (20 o , 30 o , 45 o , and 70 o ) have been implemented by using ANSYS- CFX program and compared with the productivity of conventional (without fractures) reservoirs. In addition to, visualize the velocity streamlines within fracture and matrix zones for the DPDP model. To verify this work the comparison has been made with published paper, which studies the fluid flow through fractures, and a good agreement has been obtained with each other. The study indicates that the presence of macro scale fractures in petroleum reservoirs contributes to increasing the total productivity of these reservoirs. Clearly, the productivity index of multi-horizontal fractures domain is more than twice of nonfractured domain. It is also clear that, when comparing the fractured and nonfractured reservoir, the improvement percentage of the productivity index reaches to (71.8) for a single horizontal fracture with 9 ft length. While this percentage would be about (116.88) if the fracture is inclined with 20 o .
The purpose of this paper is to determine a stress intensity factor experimental and numerically in the linear region by using a CT specimen of ductile material with a thickness of 15 mm, a width of 30 mm, and pre-crack 1.3 mm this dimension according to ASTM-E399-12 [1], by pulling the specimen in a 600 kN universal testing machine at a very slow speed rate of 0.5 mm/min. The load is applied until the fracture is accrued, the computer-controlled universal testing machine gives the value of the load and the displacement transducer gives a crack mouth opening displacement. The result showed experimental K I is equal to 75.412 MPa √ m, and numerical K I is equal to74.576 MPa √ m, this test showed a very slight decrease in FEA stress intensity factor compared to that in an experimental result which means the stress intensity factor, K I remains very close between experimental and numerical with an error percentage of about (1.12 %). The finite element analysis provides the best approximation to true fracture toughness values, and it can be used to acquire close parameters if experimental testing is not possible.
There have been efforts and studies that have been carried out with respect to the flow patterns, pressure drops (PD), and void fraction (VF) that can be found in horizontal wells. Notwithstanding, particular attention has not been paid to research of two-phase flow (TFF) in perforated horizontal boreholes. Recently, a number of attempts have been undertaken to investigate the features of gas-liquid systems, which exist in a TFF in a perforated horizontal wellbore, which is a little studied tree of the wellbore family. The stated investigations are devoted to the TFF of liquid and gas in a horizontal wellbore, which has a diameter and length of $25.4~mm\times3$ m respectively, with 18 uniform perforations. In the developed Fluent VOF model integrated in ANSYS 22 R1, the turbulence treatment and flow conditions within three-dimensional space, including water and air, with various flow rates were used to study the influence of high water and air velocities (SVW, SVA) on flow characteristics including PD, production (Q), VF, and liquid retention time in a horizontal well. The sequences of slug flow (SF) phenomena have been studied in detail for this pulsated flow. In particular, the first scenario is where SVW can reach velocities of $1.22~m/s$ and SVA of $1.68~m/s;$ in the second scenario, an increase in the SVW to $2.52~m/s$ is noted; and in the last scenario, the value of SVA is increased to $2.2~m/s$. The empirical study was mainly targeted on the SF through a perforated horizontal wellbore. The productivity (Q), PD, and SF were found to benefit from an increase in axial flow rate (SVW), more than from increase in radial flow rate (SVA). In scenario two, productivity rises by even 84.108% as SVW changes, while in the last scenario Q increases by only 9.708% as SVA is increased. Further, the numerical and experimental results provide a reasonable match.
The efficiency of an airfoil can be improved by adjusting its surface. CFD software was used to investigate a 2D airfoil with and without a spanwise semicircular groove on the upper surface. NACA0012 airfoils with and without grooves were analyzed using the k-ω turbulence model. The lift and drag coefficients were used to compared. To investigate the effect of groove location on airfoil efficiency, a groove was added in various locations and compared to a smooth airfoil. The flow velocity remained constant at 20 m/s at all angles of attack (AOA). According to this study, which used ANSYS software to simulate it numerically, the presence of a semicircular groove affects the aerodynamics of the airfoil, resulting in an improved efficiency coefficient of lift, which has risen by 2.25 percent, while the drag coefficient has decreased by 4.32 percent.
This study investigates the influence of internal pressure and axial feeding loading paths on the quality of tubes in the hydroforming process. Numerical simulations were conducted to examine the effect of loading paths on final part characteristics, including thickness distribution and shape conformance. Finite element analyses were performed on small bulge-shaped copper tubes with a bulge width of 50 mm, wall thickness of 2 mm, and an outer diameter of 60 mm. A two-dimensional model was developed from a cylindrical tube, and simulations were conducted using ANSYS 11. Results indicate that the choice of loading path significantly affects the thickness distribution along the tube and determines the ability to achieve the target shape of the final product. The study provides practical guidelines for optimizing internal pressure and axial feeding programs in tube hydroforming operations.
This study investigated the performance of symmetric airfoils of type NACA0012 numerically under different operating conditions. It has been assumed that the study involves steady state, non-compressive, and turbulent flows. The operating fluid was air. The effect of Reynolds number and angle of attack on lift and drag coefficients, pressure distribution, and velocity distribution was investigated. ANSYS FLUENT has been used to solve the numerical model by using continuity equations, Navier-Stokes equations, and the appropriate K-ω SST perturbation model. This study shows a clear difference between the pressure coefficient of the lower and upper surfaces of the airfoil at high Reynolds numbers, indicating higher lift at high Reynolds numbers. As the maximum stall angle of the airfoil NACA0012 is 14° after which it decreases significantly, a direct relationship was observed between lift and drag coefficients and angle of attack.
The aim of the present paper is to investigate buckling phenomenon of various cracked plates under compression load. The finite element procedure (ANSYS Package) is used to determine the critical buckling load by considering the effects of crack length and crack location (i.e. crack parameters) as well as loading direction parallel or perpendicular with respect to crack faces. It is found from the obtained results which are summarized graphically in figures that the crack parameters and loading direction have significant effects on the critical buckling load (i.e. increased or decreased) of compressed cracked plates. The effects of these factors are discussed in detail. The useful and interesting conclusions drawn from this work will be helpful for health monitoring or condition assessment of aging plated structures with cracking damages.
The Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) is an environmental water recovery that easily dehumidifies water vapor moisture from the air. This article presents an experiment to construct an AWG model using solar energy as a source of power. An experimental and numerical study for a device of (AWG) is performed. The experimental work is performed at Basrah city, located in the south of Iraq, during August and September of 2019 and March of 2020. The theoretical results are calculated by EES and the numerical study has been conducted by the (ANSYS19/CFD/ FLUENT) program. The experimental device is tested for different days with different climate conditions. The Maximum water production obtained is 3.4 L/day from all the testing days, for different hours of operation when the relative humidity in the range of (45 – 95 %) and the temperature range from 17 °C to 45 °C. The results shown that, the water production rate is increased with increasing humidity, temperatures, hours of operation, and model size.
Modern life makes energy, and the source of it is very important. This renewable energy comes from the Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) in the soil employed as an air conditioning device for buildings in the climate conditions in Basrah city, south of Iraq. In the present study, the EAHE buried in the soil is simulated numerically using the finite volume method with a soft package. ANSYS: Fluent 2021/R2. A parametric analysis was carried out to determine the effect of three depths ( Z = 1, 2, and 3 m), taking into account the physical properties of the soil in the area under study, which is in the city of Basrah in southern Iraq, at longitude 47.749° and latitude 30.568°, as well as the data and time of 1/6/2023 at 12 p.m., the diameter of the pipe ( D = 7.62, 10.16, and 15.24 cm), and different velocities ( v = 0.5, 1, and 1.5 m/s). The results are presented as a temperature contour and a velocity contour for the performance of EAHE. The important results showed that when the depth of the buried pipe decreases, the temperature of the air outlet and heat exchanger increases; when the diameter decreases, the air outlet temperature from the EAHE and the soil temperature decrease; when the length of the pipe is about 30 m, after this length, the decrease in temperature is very small; and the maximum temperature difference of about 10 °C between the ambient temperature and the outlet temperature of the EAHE was obtained at a depth of 3 m and a velocity of 1 m/s at a diameter of 7.62 cm.
A numerical simulation of the effect evaluation of heat loss and temperature distribution along the wellbore is performed, for two models, the first is an open hole (without perforation) and the other is a perforated vertical wellbore. In this study, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software code ANSYS FLUENT 15.0 has been used, for simulate a model of 3-D turbulent flow with stander k-ϵ model. The results of this show that, increasing the heat losses leads to an increase in the temperature gradient, while the temperature gradient decreases with increasing inlet main velocity. Also, the temperature of the produced crude oil decreases with increasing the length of the wellbore.
This study investigates the vibration behavior of cantilever beams with bolted joints of different lap types (single lap and double lap) under free and forced vibration conditions. The effects of various parameters, including beam configuration, bolt preload, harmonic force magnitude, and force application position, on natural frequency, mode shape, and vibration amplitude are analyzed. Experimental work involved material selection, chemical composition testing, tension tests, beam preparation, and free and forced vibration tests with pre-torque ranging from 6 to 60 N·m and rotational speeds between 300 and 900 RPM. Numerical simulations were performed using the general-purpose finite element software ANSYS 16.1. Results indicate that the natural frequencies of single-lap bolted beams (1 or 2 bolts) are approximately equal to those of intact beams, while double-lap bolted beams exhibit slightly lower natural frequencies than intact beams with the same profile. Increasing bolt preload stabilizes the natural frequency for all beam configurations. For forced vibrations, the amplitude is strongly influenced by the magnitude and position of the applied harmonic force. Validation with experimental results shows good agreement, with a maximum error of approximately 5%.
In this paper friction stir welding process has been studied whereby utilized FEM method (Ansys software ver. 20). The main effective parameter in this process were rotational speed, linear speed, tool shoulder radius, heat transfer coefficient and clamping percentage to study their influence on represent temperature, von misses stress and frictional stress distribution. Because of the difficulty to obtained the number of the simulation cases in order to get the most important results, Taguchi L27 orthogonal array was apply to reduce the total number of the simulation cases. Pure copper (t = 3.18 mm) material type was applied as work plate material. ANOVA statistical tool was utilized to achieved the optimization process after the simulation cases done. Percentage of contribution of each parameter can be obtained by ANOVA table and mean of S/N ratio plot. Validation process was achieved between the Current study and experiment work in the temperature distribution field with percentage of error 2.7 %. From optimization result It is found that the optimum condition in order to obtained good results for temperature was rotational speed of (450 rpm), linear speed (2.75 mm/s), tool shoulder radius (7 mm), heat transfer coefficient (300 w/m 2 K), clamping distance percentage (40 %). And for von misses stress was rotational speed of (550 rpm), linear speed (3 mm/s), tool shoulder radius (7 mm), heat transfer coefficient (300 w/m 2 K), clamping distance percentage (20 %). While for frictional stress was rotational speed of (450 rpm), linear speed (2.5 mm/s), tool shoulder radius (7 mm), heat transfer coefficient (300 w/m 2 K), clamping distance percentage (30 %).
This paper deals with the behavior of reinforced concrete anchor blocks for underground steel pipelines.~ under the effect of loads caused by internal pressure and temperature variation due to the transportation of hydrocarbon products. The finite element method is used to carry out the analysis using the ANSYS 5.4 program. To study the effect of oil, it is represented by springs with different values for the modulus of subgrade reaction in normal and tangential reactions. It is concluded that increasing the values of the modulus of subgrade reactions, kn and ks of the soil surrounding the reinforced concrete anchor block causes an increase in the failure loads of the block. But at high values of these modules, the rate of this increase in the failure load will decrease. The area of the passive face of the concrete anchor block is found to have the main effect on the failure load as compared to the length of that block. The failure load of the concrete anchor blocks that have square cross sections is 1.33 times larger compared to that of rectangular sections. It is also concluded that locating the steel flange at the middle of the block leads to a larger resistance of anchor blocks as compared to any other position.
The frequency analysis of bones is a new tool to assess bone quality or integrity to characterize osteoporosis. The modal analysis can also be used to determine failure characteristics of remodeled bone in the fractured model. This study describes the numerical characterization of the modal analysis of the standardized femur model. The objective of the numerical procedure is to identify the natural frequencies and mode shapes of an unconstrained femur. The vibration modes of the human femur are studied by digital modal analysis and finite element simulation using ANSYS version 10 programs, with respect to femur dimensions and mechanical properties. The changing of the values of free vibration natural frequencies and mode shapes of the femur due to changing of the femur densities are studied. The results are compared to those obtained experimentally. The comparison of the results shows a good agreement, which indicates that the used model can be utilized in vibration analysis of bones.
Concrete roof-folded plates have been shown to be inherently resilient to earthquakes, despite limited research on the reasons for their apparent seismic resistance. It is possible to make very thin, folded concrete plates because of their high structural efficiency. It is implicitly resistant to earthquake forces because thin, folded plat structures are relatively lightweight. Typically, folded plate structures are designed to perform under ideal gravity loads that are transported primarily as a result of membrane activity across the surface. It is possible for concrete-folded plate structures to be damaged by bending stresses when earthquakes induce unexpected horizontal forces. Through a parametric analysis of an 8-cm-thick concrete roof folded plate structure, it has been shown that thin concrete roof folded plates with a span < 30 m can be intrinsically earthquake-resistant. Despite having a low mass and high geometric stiffness, these buildings have fundamental frequencies that are substantially higher than those connected to seismic events that actually occur. This characteristic causes the folded plate to behave elastically under earthquake excitation without exceeding the maximum concrete strength. The vertical components of earthquake vibrations exert greater stress on a shallow, folded plate than the horizontal components. The values of the stresses imposed by the changing span were relatively small. They ranged from (3.5-4.4) MPa for the Landers earthquake, while for the El Centro earthquake, they ranged from (2.7-8.6) MPa. In addition, by raising the folded big plates and inclining them to a greater angle, it will become more common and lessen the harm caused by earthquake shaking in the vertical direction. In general, this paper aims to present an examination of earthquakes and their consequences for folded concrete plates.
The reason for the widespread use of steel box girders is that they have high structural efficiency due to the high bending, high torsional stiffness and rapid erection. For bottom flange of the girders, the buckling behavior during production and erection due to compression strength can be a problem. The compression plate with longitudinal stiffeners typically renders an economic. The optimal design of longitudinal stiffeners is discussed. The results are based on 3-D FEA (ANSYS19.2) of many stiffened compression bottom flange models, the moment of inertia requirement of bottom flange longitudinal stiffener is investigated by studying the effect of many parameters as longitudinal stiffeners numbers, stiffener sections, plate aspect ratio and compression flange thickness. Also, the stiffeners effect on the compression panel plate stresses were studied by modeling girder with and without longitudinal stiffeners. The finite element method is useful as they can be used to study the plate with stiffeners in an economical way, and we don’t need experimental and laboratory tests.
This study numerically investigates natural convection of Cu-water nanofluid in a square cavity subjected to a cooling air stream along the left wall, with the right and bottom walls maintained at cold (TC) and hot (TH) temperatures, respectively, while the top wall is adiabatic. The nanofluid flow is assumed laminar and governed by the Boussinesq approximation. The governing equations are solved using the finite volume method in ANSYS FLUENT. Simulations are performed for nanofluid volume fractions (φ = 0–0.16), Rayleigh numbers (Ra = 10³–10⁵), and free stream Reynolds numbers (Re∞ = 10³–10⁴). The effects of these parameters on stream function (ψ), temperature contours (θ), and average Nusselt number (Nuavg) are analyzed. Results indicate that heat transfer rates increase with higher φ, Ra, and Re∞. Increasing φ and Ra enhances circulation within the cavity, whereas higher Re∞ induces secondary vortices and reduces circulation in the primary vortex. Comparisons of local Nusselt numbers and temperature distributions with previous studies show good agreement, with maximum errors of 14.28% and 3.2%, respectively.
Concerning commercial and residential buildings, one of the major parts related to water supply systems is the water storage tanks. For gravity- fed buildings, the tanks must be installed on the roof. In Iraqi summer, the temperature of water in storage tanks reaches above 50 °C due to high solar intensity, which makes it inappropriate for domestic usage. One of the proposed solutions to overcome this problem is feeding the hot water into an earth-water heat exchanger (EWHE) which consists of a set of buried pipes installed underground level to reduce its temperature. The storage tank and the earth-water heat exchanger were studied experimentally and theoretically by using ANSYS 20/FLUENT software to estimating the water temperature in the storage tank and the temperature of the water leaving the EWHE. The most important results obtained theoretically and experimentally that when using pipe length, pipe diameter, and mass flow rate of 100 m, 0.016 m, 0.7 LPM respectively, at a depth of 3 m, the water temperature decreases by about 15 °C. Also, the results have shown a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical works. One can conclude that an earth-water heat exchanger is an effective way to decrease the temperature of the storage water to an acceptable level for domestic usages.
This paper presents a pressure drop analysis in perforated vertical wellbores for different perforation parameters. The effect of the density of the perforations (number of perforation), the phase angle of the perforations, the diameter of the perforation and the flow rate of the crude oil from the perforations on the pressure drop and the productivity index of the perforated vertical wellbores were studied. The analysis of the vertical wellbore was performed numerically using ANSYS FLUENT 15.0 software. Three dimensional, steady-states, turbulent and incompressible fluid flow is assumed during the numerical solution of the governing equations. The results of this study show that, increased perforation density of the perforated vertical wellbore caused an increase in pressure drop, and also, decreased productivity index due to increasing the friction losses. Friction pressure drop has a significant effect on crude oil flow into the wellbore. When the main velocity is 1.5 m/s and the inlet velocity from the perforations is 2 m/s, the friction pressure drop is about 66 % and the acceleration pressure is approximately 34 % of the total pressure drop.
The present research aims to predict the thickness distribution of a wall of a deep drawn cup. A simplified 3D axisymmetric model which represents the deep drawing set (blank and tools) was created using a CAD software, and then imported into a finite element code ANSYS where a simulation was carried out. The model represents a cylindrical cup made of low carbon steel sheet. The results showed that the FE model represents real deep drawing process fairly well. The cup thickness distribution values showed a good agreement with the referenced values, where the failure or success of drawing process could be predicted based on the obtained thickness results. It was observed that a high value of friction restrains material movement and resulted in producing more thinning and more punch force. High blank holder force was found to decrease the thickness of both the bottom face of the cup and the flange rim. While increasing die corner radius increases thickness and the maximum thinning occurred at the smallest die corner radius. It was found by decreasing the punch profile radius the thickness at the flat bottom of the cup and under the punch profile region were reduced.
This paper demonstrates experimental and numerical studies to investigate in perforation pipes with a phasing 180° and perforation densities 9 spm in a horizontal wellbore. The experimental study was conducted to investigate the phasing angle 180° in a horizontal wellbore. The wellbore has an inner diameter of 44 mm, as well as the length of the pipe is 2 m. For this purpose, a simulation model was created in the wellbore using the ANSYS FLUENT simulation software by using the standard k - e model and applied to the (CFD) with changing the axial flow from (40 - 160) lit/min and constant inflow through perforations from range (20 - 80) lit/min. Concerning the findings of this study, it was noticed that the total pressure drop (friction, acceleration, mixing) goes high as the total flow rate ratio increases. As well as, an increase of the inflow concerning the main flow rate ratio leads to an increase in the total pressure drop and a decrease in the productivity index. Furthermore, the percentage error of the total pressure drop between the numerical and experimental results in test 4 is about 5.4 %. Also, the average velocity goes high with increasing the total flow rates and the velocity keeps increasing along the length of the pipe until it reaches its maximum value at the end of the pipe due to the effect of the perforations. It was concluded that there are the numerical and experimental results reflected a good agreement concerning the study of the flow-through perforations at 180° angle in terms of pressure drop and apparent friction factor, etc.
A composite beam is an accumulation of different materials so as to form a single unit to exploit the prominent quality of these materials according to their position within the cross-section of the composite beam. The present study investigates the structural behavior of six simply supported composite beams, in which a reinforced concrete T-beam is connected together with a steel channel located at the bottom of a T-beam by means of headed stud shear connectors. The used degrees of shear connection are (100%, 75%, 50%, and 38%). Three dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis has been used to conduct the numerical investigation for the general behavior of beams which are subjected to central point load. ANSYS 12.1 program code was used to estimate the ultimate loads, deflections, stresses, strains, end slip. Concrete was modeled by brick element (SOLID65), while the steel channel was modeled as brick element (SOLID45). Two-node discrete elements (LINK8) are used to represent the steel reinforcement and shear connectors. Perfect bond between the reinforcing rebars and the concrete was assumed. The load on beams was applied monotonically in increments up to failure. The reduction of the degree of shear connection from 100% to 38% causes increasing of strain, mid span deflection and end slip with an average of 3.95%, 13%, and 111% respectively, while the ultimate load decreases with an average of 7.3%. In order to observe the efficiency of the 3-D model, a comparison was made with available experimental work. Good agreement was obtained throughout this work between the finite element and available test results.
The present investigation's main goal is to assess butt joint and T-joint plates containing misalignment, undercut and porosity welding defects by studying the influence of the defect’s parameters on the fatigue life. The fatigue life is predicted using ANSYS ver. 19 Software. The results of finite element analysis are used in the regression analysis to find relationship between the fatigue life and defects parameters. The findings demonstrated that finite element modeling and the pervious published experimental tests were in good agreement with maximum error percentage 4 %. The fatigue life differed substantially depending on the defect’s parameters.
Submarine pipelines are essentially used for the transmission of gas and oil across oceans between countries or for transport between shore and offshore installations. The pipeline applications were studied to be installed in deep water, which exposed to different loads such as currents and waves in various directions, barge movements, seafloor interaction, etc. This paper developed a dynamic analysis of the J-lay suspended submarine pipeline during laying, taking into account the effect of water depth, the direction of the wave heading, and sea state without vessel movement. The finite element program ANSYS R17.2 is used for modeling and analysis of the pipelines. The random sea state is modeled using the JONSWAP spectrum. It was found that the effect of the direction of wave heading on the bending moment from dynamic analysis of pipeline is obvious in a depth of (2 m) below water surface, and then gradually decreases until it disappears in depth of (100 m). Whereas the effect of wave height is obvious in a depth of (2 m) and then gradually decreases until it disappears in depth of (120 m).
In this study, a numerical investigation has been carried out for single phase flow behavior for thirty six internally finned tubes to demonstrate the effect of axial pitch to fin height ratio (p/e) for 0.8≤p/e≤6.345, helix angle of internal fins (β) for 30°≤β≤70°, apex angle of internal fins (α) for 0°≤α≤53.13°, internal fin height (e) for 0.6mm≤e≤1.0mm, internal tube diameter (di) with 14 mm and Reynolds number (Re) of single phase flow for 10000≤Re≤50000 on enhancement of forced convection heat transfer and reduction of friction factor by using ANSYS CFX program. It solves the three- dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for steady state turbulent with SST model and enhance wall treatment. The numerical analysis provided at fully developed velocity and temperature. Numerical results showed that the smallest axial pitch to fin height ratio (p/e) =0.8 and with apex angle α=10 degree provided enhancement of heat transfer of 2.8 to 3.55 times higher than of smooth tube. Finally, present numerical results are seen to be in good agreement with literature experimental correlations.
This paper presented experimental and numerical studies to investigate pressure drop in perforation horizontal wellbore with a 90° phasing and 20 spm perforation density. The experimental apparatus has been constructed to calculate the static pressure drop and calculate the exit velocity in the horizontal pipe after mixing the axial flow with the radial flow through the perforations in the wellbore. The specifications of the wellbore used were the inner diameter is 44 mm, length is 2 m, and perforation diameter is 4 mm. For this objective, a simulation model was created in the wellbore using the ANSYS Fluent simulation software by using the standard k-ε model and applied to the (CFD) by changing the axial flow from (40-160) lit/min and constant inflow through perforations from range (0 - 80) lit/min. According to the study's findings, the increase in the radial flow through the perforations increases the total flow rate ratio and the total pressure drop and vice versa. In addition, an increase in the axial flow mixed with radial flow increases the total pressure drop, friction factor, and a decrease in productivity index. Furthermore, the percentage error of the total pressure drop between the numerical and experimental results in test 4 is about 3.83 %. It was found that the numerical and experimental results represented a good agreement about the study of the flow-through perforations at 90° angle in terms of pressure drop and productivity index, etc.
This numerical study aimed to investigate the torsional behaviour of hollow cross section reinforced concrete members strengthened with steel fibers (end hooked and corrugated), subjected to pure torsion. The numerical results were compared with experimental results and show good agreement. The experimental study was conducted on ten steel fiber reinforced concrete specimens with low longitudinal reinforcement ratio to investigate the torsional behavior under pure torsion. For this analysis, a computer program (ANSYS 18.2) was used. The brick elements 8-nodes (SOLID65) were used to concrete simulation, while the steel bars simulated as axial members (link 180). The steel fibre was represented theoretically by the stress-strain relationship. The theoretical results indicated that the adopted smeared crack model is capable of making relatively acceptable estimations of cracking and ultimate torsional capacity of the members.
An investigation was conducted to study the effect of loading level with respect to shear center and span length on lateral torsional buckling of steel I-section beams using linear and nonlinear finite element analysis available in ANSYS (version 12.0) computer program. The steel beams which have been studied included prismatic beams and linearly web- tapered beams with web tapering ratio of (0.5). The maximum height of all beams was 300 mm with span length of 4, 6 and 8 m. The critical buckling loads for prismatic and linearly tapered cantilever and simply supported beams subjected to point load and uniformly distributed load were determined. The results showed that, the bottom flange loading gives a buckling loads higher than that of the top flange loading with percentage increases of 148% and 155% for the linear and nonlinear analysis respectively for the prismatic beams. While for the tapered beams, these percentages increases were 61% and 67% respectively.
This study focuses on evaluating the structural integrity of SA-312 Grade TP316 pipeline with various forms of corrosion defects. The corrosion defects were characterized by three distinct geometries: internal rectangular, external rectangular, and internal elliptical. The effect of defect length, width and depth on pipeline failure pressure is investigated using the finite element method ANSYS software version 21. Regression analysis is conducted to develop equations relating maximum pressure to defect dimensions. The results show good agreement between the finite element results, experimental data, theoretical predictions, and design codes, with an error rate ranging from 3.98% to 17.79%. Failure pressure was found to be highly sensitive to corrosion dimensions, but the depth of corrosion has a greater impact on the failure pressure. Furthermore, it was observed that internal corrosion poses a greater threat to pipeline integrity than external corrosion.