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Go to Editorial ManagerSoil classification is a significant tool for the interpretation of soil properties and the selection of the appropriate parameters to express soil types in geotechnical engineering applications. In this paper, a comparative analysis on the prediction of soil classification using different soil parameters via Neural Network, Decision Tree, and Ensemble classifier algorithms in the machine learning tool box of MATLAB is conducted. The data is classified into 14 sets of input parameters according to the parameters of the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), which is a standard system in practice for classifying soils based on their physical properties and their engineering behavior. The input parameters of the USCS, Passing No. 4 Sieve, Passing No. 200 Sieve, Gravel, Sand, Fines, Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index, are specified within the certain ranges to generate a synthetic data base including 478 data for the purpose of training and testing. Five Neural Network models (Medium, Trilayered, Bilayered, Narrow and Wide), three Decision Tree models (Fine, Medium, Coarse) and three Ensemble models (Boosted Trees, Bagged Trees, RUSBoosted Trees) are tested for the different test split ratios (10, 20, and 30). The results show that the Neural Network models proposed in this study have the highest prediction capability, with a classification accuracy of up to 100 % for some variable sets, and can classify soils automatically and precisely based on the soil index properties. Among the individual models, WNN and NNN generally showed the best performance for all variable sets. The Ensemble models presented high prediction capability with respect to generalization. Among the DT models, although they are fast, they presented relatively lower accuracy than the other models, especially the Coarse Tree model. This study can be used as a reference for the future development of automated soil classification systems and can offer practical suggestions for the selection of machine learning models for geotechnical engineering problems.
Nowadays, it is crucial to assess power system contingencies resulting from line outages or generator failures, as they might cause breaches of system constraints. This is a vital part of ensuring the security of modern power supplies. Another hindrance to providing electricity to consumers is the increased system losses and voltage fluctuations resulting from increased demand and diminished power generation capacity. The DG connection is a crucial subject regarding these harmful consequences. This study is focused on clarifying the effect of distribution generators (DG) on mitigating congestion in electrical power transmission lines, minimizing power losses, and enhancing the voltage profile of the Iraqi national grid system. An optimization method is used to identify the optimal size and position based on fitness indicators such as voltage, power losses, and line congestion. The PSO algorithm is executed as proposed. The outcomes illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique for estimating the optimal size and placement of distributed generators (DG). At the same time, it reduces congestion and improves the voltage level of the bus. The proposed technique was implemented using the MATLAB/R2018a programming language.
The thermoelectric behavior of different materials under various conditions has been investigated numerically by using the heat transfer module of the COMSOL Multiphysics software platform. A simulation study of the thermoelectric materials (TEM) performance was created by altering the current applied from 0.1 to 1.0 A and setting the hot side temperature (T H ) as 273 K. The impact of different performance metrics, such as cold side temperature and output voltage, has been proven and investigated. It has been shown that the material of the thermoelectric legs', length of leg, and thickness of electrodes significantly impact the thermal and electrical performance of the thermoelectric (TE) module. Appropriate ranges have been studied in the simulation, such as the amperage values applied to the unit as mentioned above, the length of the leg within a range of 1 to 8 mm, and the thickness of the electrode with different values of 0.1 to 0.5 mm, which will achieve excellent performance for the Thermoelectric unit. Modeling and simulation results demonstrated and revealed the optimal and potential use of bismuth telluride (Bi 2 Te 3 ) as well as lead telluride (PbTe) as suitable for Peltier cooling applications. As for the use of cobalt triantimonide (CoSb 3 ), it is in contrast to the two previous metals, as it is effective and appropriate if applied to power generation. The results are validated with another study from the literature, and there is an excellent agreement with an error rate that does not exceed 0.164%.
This paper presents a PWM AC/DC buck converter circuit incorporating a frontend rectifier followed by a DC/DC converter. Two transistors are used as a main and auxiliary switches. The proposed circuit provides zero-current (ZC) turn ON and zero-current/zero-voltage (ZCZV) turn OFF to the two transistors, besides zero-voltage turn ON to two diodes. Numerical methods are used to analyse and determine the performance of the converter system. A feed forward technique is employed to improve the performance of the converter over a range of output power.
This study presents a speed control design for switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive based on PID controller. The applications of Switched Reluctance Motors (SRMs) have being increased day by day, but this type of motors represents a highly nonlinear system, therefore there are a lot of difficulties in modeling and controlling them. We have proposed a non-linear mathematical model of a four phases 8/6 poles SRM then simulated it through Simulink/Matlab facilities. The whole control mechanism consists of a hysteresis current controller to minimize the torque ripple and a PID speed controller. The control design results are then validated in real-time by Simulink/Matlab software package.
This paper presents an implementation of an independent control of two-mechanically coupled Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) fed by two Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) inverters in a separate mode and in the event of failure one leg of one inverter, fault tolerant mode. In a fault tolerant mode, the two motors can operate in an independent control strategy from one inverter with five legs to maintain a constant output coupled torque. The Field Oriented Control (FOC) strategy is used to control the stator current of the two motors through two separate paths. Such application is used in the field of a coupled torque produced by multi-motors such as in subway applications. The whole system is simulated in Matlab /Simulink and the simulated results show a stable and robustness system which can maintain a constant developed torque with a velocity reaches to the rated under fault tolerant operation.
In this paper, a compact ultra-wide band (UWB) printed patch antenna is designed and optimized using four biologically and plant inspired optimization algorithms. These algorithms are the newly adopted Moss Rose Optimization Algorithm (MROA), Runner Root Algorithm (RRA), Sunflower Optimization Algorithm (SFOA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). These algorithms are modified in an optimizer software, which merges the attributes of the design of electromagnetic environment of CST Microwave Studio with those of the technical programming environment of MATLAB. A compact (12 × 21.5) mm 2 printed patch antenna has been proposed and simulated over the whole UWB frequency range using these four optimization algorithms. The simulation results show the superiority of the antenna design using MROA, which has the widest covered frequency range, the lowest reflection coefficient and the lowest standing wave ratio.
Fracture mechanics approach is important for all mechanical and civil projects that might involve cracks in metallic materials the purpose of this paper is to determine a crack tip opening displacement fracture toughness experimentally, also study the effect of thickness on CTOD fracture toughness of low carbon steel and study the effect of Wire Electrical Discharge Machine (WEDM) to have a pre-crack, instead of fatigue pre-crack by using a CT specimen of low carbon steel with a thickness of (8,10, and15 mm), a width of 30mm, crack length of 15mm, and pre-crack of 1.3mm for all samples, this dimension according to ASTM-E399-13, by pulling the specimen in a 100 KN universal testing machine at a slow speed rate of 0.5 mm/min, the load applied on the specimen is generally a tension load. The crack tip plastically deforms until a critical point P C at this moment a crack is initiated. The computer-controlled universal testing machine gives the value of the load and the displacement transducer gives a crack mouth opening displacement. Critical crack tip opening displacement CTOD is found with the plastic hinge model (PHM) method. The result showed the stress intensity factor K I increases with increased loading in the elastic region and t he thickness effect refers to the effect of the plastic zone at the crack tip on the stress intensity factor, In a thin specimen, a plastic zone is large at the fracture tip leads to a high-stress intensity factor at the fracture tip but in the thick specimen, on the other hand, has a small a plastic zone and a low-stress intensity factor around the crack tip. The fracture toughness is found to increase with an increase in the thickness of specimens.
The present work is aimed to reduce the annual electric energy consumption in a residential building in Basrah city through introducing a standardized rule for the annual electrical consumption for the cooling and heating purposes. This work will concentrate on all parameters which help to go toward the optimum use of thermally efficient house. The building energy analysis program e-Quest was used to simulate the annual energy consumption for a typical residential house built with different types of building materials. Transfer function cooling load calculation was used. The results showed that for the Base- House, the thermal transmission through the walls and roof constitutes more than half of the total peak cooling load. It was found that a house built with thermo-stone causes 5.9% reduction of the annual cooling energy consumption, and 12.4% in the annual heating energy consumption. However, insulating the Base- House causes a significant reduction in the air conditioning equipment capacity and consequently reduction in cooling energy consumption by 23%, and reduces the heating energy consumption by 42.8%. Finally this work presents a useful planning to developed building design which reduces the electrical energy consumption.
This experimental research depicts the role of coating hot surfaces by graphite and graphene on the process of heat dissipation from these hot surfaces. Three aluminum specimens have been prepared for test, one of theme is coated by graphite, another one by graphene a while the third is left free of coating for comparison purpose. Each specimen is tested separately in a home-made wind tunnel. A plate electrical heater is adhered on the bottom of the specimen to simulate the generated energy by a heat sink. A heat sink composed of high thermal conductivity was applied between the heater plate and the base plate of heat sink to reduce the contact resistance to heat flow. The experiments are conducted with four turbulent Reynolds number. The results reveal that the sample coated by graphene exhibits the best thermal dissipation while the uncoated specimen shows the worst thermal performance.
A part of Basra water network which is near to Bradia water treatment plant is analyzed by using water cad program, water cad is also used for studying the water quality in the model by calculating the age and chlorine concentration for each pipe on the model. This model consist of (21)pipe ,(15)node or junction ,(6)loops, two water pumps one is operated and the second is stand by(each pump has a discharge equal to 0.6 mP3P/sec and a head of 60 m and an electrical control which related with the elevation of water in the tank),one elevated tank &one reservoir of water. The model studied hydraulically for two cases, the first case when the pump is power on and the second case when the pump is power off. Also the direction and discharge for each pipe are calculated. Different results are obtained in two cases. Also the results of water quality studies show that both the age of water and chlorine concentration at any pipe depended on its location with respect to the water treatment plant. Finally the calibration of the model is done in order to check the accuracy of the results.
This study focuses on the design and construction of an automated device for evaluating the scratch resistance of polymeric materials by measuring the force required to produce surface scratches and calculating the corresponding friction coefficient from device input–output data. The device was fabricated using locally available materials, with several components manufactured in local mechanical workshops. It comprises four main subsystems: mechanical components, scratching mechanism, electrical and electronic units, and an operating control program. The developed device offers the following specifications: normal load range of 0.1–325 N, sliding speed of 1–35 mm/s, tangential force measurement capacity of 0.1–294 N via a load cell, sample dimensions of 10–195 mm in length, 10–125 mm in width, and 0.25–50 mm in thickness, a maximum scratch length of 195 mm, and an adjustable indenter height ranging from 0.25 to 50 mm above the platform surface. Scratch testing and friction coefficient measurements were conducted on pure PMMA and PMMA reinforced with silicon dioxide (SiO₂) nanoparticles. Experimental results demonstrated increased scratch resistance and reduced friction coefficients with higher SiO₂ weight ratios. Additionally, the performance evaluation confirmed that the designed device is capable of accurately and rapidly measuring the tangential forces associated with scratching through a simple operational procedure.
This paper presents a compact, low-cost reconfigurable bandpass filter (BPF) for WiMax, 5G, and WLAN applications. The BPF consists of a half-wavelength resonator folded as C-shaped by a pair of symmetrical PIN diodes and a central quarter-wavelength resonator to form an E- shaped stub-loaded multiple-mode resonator (SL-MMR). The feed line is made of two subsections separated by a gap which acts as a fixed capacitance and allows the filter to have bandpass behavior. The proposed filter is modeled using the even and odd mode analysis to predict the locations of the resonant frequencies. The simulation results show that the filter covers the frequency range (3.38-3.95) GHz with a center frequency of 3.52 GHz at the ON state of a pair of PIN diodes. On the other hand, the BPF covers the frequency range (4.7-5.93) GHz with a center frequency of 5.2 GHz, at the OFF state of the diodes. The results also show a small insertion loss at the filter passband with two sharp transmission zeros at the stopband.
In this paper, we present a new chaotic circuit based on the dynamical system introduced by E. Lorenz in the Journal of the atmospheric sciences, Vol. 20, 130-141(1963). The design and implementation of the circuit are accomplished by using a field programmable analog array (FPAA). The implementation of chaotic Lorenz attractor discussed in this paper is not present in the literature. The experimental results shown in this paper demonstrate that the circuit exhibits pre-chaotic transient and chaotic Lorenz attractor.
The use of fiber-optic links as the connecting media in wireless microcellular networks can be provide uniform radio coverage to spatially distributed mobile users in cost effective manner. This paper investigates theoretically the performance of fiber distribution system for mobile phone networks that uses a single high power Nd:YAG laser in the base station and shared by many microcells. Analytical expressions are derived for the bit-error-rate (BER) floor characteristics and optimum operating conditions. The results indicate clearly that the laser power can be reduced significantly when the modulation index is optimized.
The problem that still exists nowadays with the petrol station is the method of operation because the petrol station is currently operated manually. As it is a time-consuming process that increases manpower, other problems are related to accuracy, gasoline smuggling, fluctuations in global oil prices, sales, database management, environmental pollution and others. Traditional methods of monitoring fuel in petrol station by humans on site are unable to meet the expectations for efficiency, accuracy and cost. Therefore, this paper designs an intelligent system of three filling stations, where the three stations are simultaneously displayed on a single web application, and this IoT-based system is implemented to address all the problems. Therefore, this paper presents the design and implementation of three petrol stations in which we are going to measure the level of fuel and show it to central server. internet of things (IoT) based petrol station monitoring system is a good approach to improve monitoring efficiency and to improve management efficiency in stations remotely. simulation results presented in LabVIEW software showed the ability of the system to monitor levels of petrol, detect fire, evaporation and etc.
Solar power systems, also known as photovoltaic (PV) systems, are widely used as a clean and sustainable energy source worldwide. However, these systems can be affected by various factors that contribute to dust accumulation, which have been grouped into five categories: module characteristics, environmental factors, climatic conditions, exposure situations, and soiling properties. Dust accumulation can significantly impact photovoltaic modules' efficiency and power output, leading to a decrease in electricity generation. Airborne dust reduces the intensity of solar radiation by scattering and absorbing it, especially in hot and dry regions such as southern Iraq. This study provides an updated overview of the process of dust accumulation on photovoltaic modules south of Iraq. Moreover, it illustrates the methods used to measure dust accumulation and the performance of solar PV under soiling. Furthermore, it exemplifies the sources of the soiling generation. Additionally, it demonstrates the composition and size of dust particles. Finally, future research perspectives are discussed, and a thorough investigation of the impact of dust is suggested in all regions of Iraq and even in all countries of the world, especially those interested in clean energy. This research aims to understand the effect of dust soiling on PV performance. The outcome of this research will help design the PV module system while considering the most effective method to reduce or prevent dust accumulation in specific areas.
In this paper, a new algorithm for mobile robot navigation and polygonal obstacles avoidance in dynamic target environment is introduced. In the dynamic target path planning the agent (robot) trying to reach a moving target in minimum path cost. The introduced algorithm which called Prediction-based path planning with obstacle avoidance in dynamic target environ- ment planning a path to a moving target by predicting the next target location, then computing a path from the robot current lo- cation to the predicted target location representing each visible obstacle by the smallest circle that enclosing the polygon obstacle, then determine the visible tangents between the robot and the cir- cular obstacle that intersect its shortest path and compute the shortest path. Three target movement scenarios were suggested and tested in different environment conditions. The results show that the target was reached in all scenarios and under all environ- ment conditions with good path cost.
This study uses intelligent techniques to regulate brushless direct current speed (BLDC) motors. After these motors solved the problem of using brushes and commutators in traditional DC motors, they succeeded in replacing brushes and commutators with electronic commutators. Due to the use of electronic switching, brushless motor algorithms are more complex than those of conventional motors. In this study, to adjust the PID controller's settings (Kp, Ki, and Kd), a trial-and-error approach was taken, and a completely new method known as the settings of known PID controllers have been modified using the new Gray Wolf algorithm. A BLDC motor's main benefit is that it has easy speed adjustment across a broad range, whereas AC motors often cannot be controlled in this way. Through the use of Matlab/Simulink, the BLDC motor's mathematical model was developed and implemented. The simulation results show that in the first case, a PID controller effectively induces the turbulent dynamic behavior of BLDC under load and no-load conditions, and in the second case, the speed shows the lowest rise time, stability, overshoot, and stability conditions, and performs at its best. The characteristics of the traditional PID controller that regulates the engine speed must be regulated online to achieve the use of intelligent technologies, and the adjustment is done online using the neural network. The results showed that this technology, or feature - online tuning - is the most effective and reliable of all.
This paper describes the problem of minimizing-the sidelobe levels in the radiation pattern of antenna arrays by using the genetic algorithm. Two types of genetic algorithms representation are used here:., binaiy and continuous genetic algorithms depending on the nature of the problem at hand. Adaptive genetic algorithm wnich is a special type of genetic algorithm is used in this work. The obtained results explain the capability of this approach to obtain the desired sidelobe level.
In this paper, a new approach for the positioning (localization) of multi-node systems is presented. Each node including the beacon node contains two types of sensors: one for the distance sensing and the other type is for communication. The main idea of our proposed approach is to use the control of beacon to construct a nodes' tree which is going to be used later by the nodes to know the paths in which the information will flow. During the tree construction the identities of nodes will be known. Every node except the beacon will use the information obtained from its previous neighbor in the tree to find its own location and orientation. Several simulations using visual basic 2012 are implemented to discern the performance of this algorithm.
Among the soft-switching techniques, the Zero-Current Zero-Voltage Transition (ZCZVT) technique is used in this paper. It is based on the Resonant Transition Mechanism requirements, which permit newcomers to perceive the Resonant Transition techniques as a whole instead of dissimilar soft-switching techniques. The open loop operation of the power circuit (DC/DC Boost Converter) and control circuit have been implemented and tested with MatLab software. The simulation test facility and the analytical development tools being used are described. The derivation of closed loop control strategy based on fuzzy logic control with nonlinear fuzzy sets for input and output variables is described in detail. The closed loop simulation results that describe the performance of the proposed converter with this control strategy due to different effects are also included.
In this article, a hybrid optimization method has been proposed consisting of Adaptive Genetic Algorithms (AGAs) and Constrained Nonlinear Programming (NLP) to solve the problems of performance optimization of circular array antenna consisting paraOel center feeding short dipoles elements with two complex nonlinear optimization problems. In the first problem. the hybrid optimization algorithm is used to reduce the value of sidelobe level in the circular array radiation pattern by finding the oPtlmal values of the excitation coefficients of each element in the clrcular array. In the second problem, a synthesis of circular array with different forms of the desired radiation pattern is considered. Several examples are considered here to verify the validlty of this method. Comparisons were made between the results of this method and the results obtained by {SGA) Standard Genetic Algorithm, and it is clearly shown that this method is more efficient and flexible in solving the problems of performance optimization of circular array antenna .
Nanoparticles show mechanical, electrical, chemical and optical properties that are different and superior to bulk materials. In the present work, α-Alumina nanoparticles were synthesized using the nonorganic Sol-Gel method under controlled conditions. Because of the low cost of its raw materials, low manufacturing temperature and the high purity of the product, Sol-Gel method is the best in the manufacture of nanostructures like metal oxide nanoparticles. The precursor of the Sol-Gel process was aluminum nitrate with ethanol. The prepared nanopowder was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron dispersive spectroscope (EDS) and Malvern Zetasize analyzer.
In this paper induction motor and its direct torque control are simulated and a speed estimator scheme based on wavenet (WN) theory has been developed and compared with the actual speed. The wavenet speed estimator inputs are a single line current and the state of the torque comparator output which are trained to follow the relationship between the motor current and the rotor speed. To ensure the validity of this scheme, the estimated speed is compared with a speed estimated from a conventional model reference adaptive system (MRAS). The operation of direct torque control (DTC) drive with the actual speed and the estimated wavenet speed as a feedback signal are simulated and compared. The results show that the wavenet method is effective for rotor speed estimation.
This article provides an overview of the studies that have been conducted on the characteristics of epoxy resins containing various types of silica nanoparticles and microparticles, as well as their performance in the industrial application of functionally graded materials (FGMs). Silica nanoparticles and microparticles are used to create epoxy resins in order to improve various properties, such as thermal stability, adhesiveness, electrical conductivity, strength, modulus, and toughness. This review examines the literature that has been published in the last decade, compares the results, focuses on the mechanical and thermal properties, and discusses the changes that have resulted in improvements in those properties. Previous experimental findings are presented and contrasted to demonstrate the extent to which silica filler content contributes to improving the properties of composite materials. The findings reveal that the characteristics of epoxy compounds can be improved by adding a particular amount of silica particles. There is a correlation between an increase in the silica amount and an increase in the Young modulus of epoxy compounds, this correlation becomes stronger as the silica amount increases. Additionally, the tensile strength of epoxy compounds increases to a certain limit as the amount of silica nanoparticles increases. In contrast, the hardness of the material increases as the silica amount increases. The density of the material also increases steadily as the silica amount in the material increases. According to thermal analysis results from calorimetric research on epoxy–silica systems, the glass transition temperature increases as the silica amount increases.
The heat lost from gas turbine power plants with exhaust gases represents the most important source for lowering its thermal efficiency. Also, the gas turbine thermal efficiency affected significantly with the ambient surrounding temperature. Al-Najybia gas-turbine power plant in Basrah, Iraq is choosing as a case study. The power plant consists of four units with a capacity of 125 MW for each unit. In the present study, all the calculations are performed for one unit only. Firstly the thermal impact is studied in terms of energy analysis for Al-Najybia gas turbine power plant (GTPP) for different ambient temperature for twelve months. Also, the economic loss a companied the heat lost with exhaust gases for different ambient temperature are estimated. Secondly, the thermo-economic improvement from coupling the GTPP with a heat recovery system is studied. For gas-steam combined cycle, the performance and economic analysis are performed. The results show that, the output power and thermal efficiency are decreased by 0.97 MW and 0.0726% respectively for each unit temperature rise of the ambient temperature. For the combined gas-steam power plant the percentage increasing of the thermal efficiency is approximately 46.4%. The results indicate the combined cycle power plant (CCPP) is very important to increase electrical capacity. From the economic analysis, the economic gain due to using HRB is 75757 $ per month.
Recently, Internet of Thing technology has been used to develop numerous applications, this paper compromising design and implementation of greenhouse prototype that integrated with the IoT to adjust the system’s parameters and monitor the system status from any place in this world. This system involves three intelligent controllers that designed to stabilize the temperature degree, water level in soil, and light intensity inside the greenhouse prototype structure. These systems have been built by two important parts: the hardware and software. The hardware part could be achieved by designing and implementing the control circuits, actuators, and install the sensors as well as the devices. The second one is the software part which is involves implementing Fuzzy Inference Engine that represent the system’s brain that monitor and manage the entire process in the system to ensure the best performance. This system has been built to contain three control systems that means there are three different Fuzzy controllers. In order to keep the system practicality, the fuzzy controllers should be aggregated in single code that resides in single microcontroller chip with additional codes that perform the IoT duties. The proposed IoT system provides the ability for specific people to monitor and manage their systems remotely, using a web application with cloud technology. The major contributions of the proposed system are started by downloading the controller’s set-points (the desired environmental conditions) from the web page, transfer the set- points to the controllers, and upload data that read from sensors to the same web page.)
Many applications consider floating point arithmetic as a key component of the computations. Combined decimal/binary arithmetic becomes an important topic supports high speed decimal/binary applications. A new 64-bit (16×16 digit) combined decimal/binary multiplier is proposed and implemented in this work that can be used for both fused multiply add (FMA) and multiplier unit. A new partial products reduction tree is shared between decimal and binary multiplier unit. The valuation and comparison result between the proposed multiplier and the previous most recent works shows 4.66 % less delay than combined decimal/binary multiplier and 19.33 % less delay than fastest standalone decimal multiplier.
This paper is concerned with performance on the widely used control technique: adaptive control for synchronization between two identical chaotic systems embedded in the Master and Slave. It is assumed that the parameters of slave system are unknown. The required stability condition is derived to ensure the stability of error dynamics. Adaptive control laws are designed using appropriate parameters estimation law. The system parameters are asymptotically synchronized; thus the slave parameters can be identified. As an application, the proposed scheme is applied to secure communication system. The information signal is transmitted and recovered on the basis of identification parameters also the system is tested under the consideration of the noisy channel. Finally, through Numerical simulation results, the proposed scheme was success in the communication application.
Low-voltage (LV) residential distribution networks are highly susceptible to voltage unbalance due to the stochastic and time-varying nature of residential single-phase loads. The assessment methodologies based on snapshots have a difficulty in allowing the spatial and temporal characteristics of the unbalance events. Based on 10-minute resolution time-series unbalanced power flow simulation in OpenDSS, this paper introduces a time-dependent evaluation framework. While the time-varying load profiles and Monte Carlo analysis represent the variance in daily load and uncertainty in phase allocation, respectively. The parameters include both voltage unbalance assessment indexes (i.e., Voltage Unbalance Factor (VUF), Phase Voltage Unbalance Rate (PVUR)), as well as temporal risk indicators (i.e., Time-at-Risk (TAR) and a TimeDependent Unbalance Risk Index (TD-URI)). The analysis produced shows voltage unbalance behaves transitory and locational, being most threatening during peak demand and faraway buses. The quantity and duration of unbalance events are reduced significantly with the help of phase balancing. The framework has been reconciled with the EN 50160 and it aims to buttress a tangible foundation for planning-oriented voltage unbalance evaluation and remediation in low-voltage residential networks.
The dual synchronization of two different pairs of chaotic oscillators: one pair of Duffing oscillators and one pair of Murali-Lakshmanan-Chua (ML-Chua) circuits has been achieved by numerical simulations. The cross-coupling method, where the difference in the voltage between the sum of the two master oscillators' voltages and one of the slave oscillator voltages is injected 10 the other slave oscillator as an electrical current, for the dual synchronization has been used. The accuracy of synchronization of chaos is numerically obtained by calculating the root mean square error (RMSE). A communication scheme is presented, utilizing the chaotic masking (CMS) technique. Encoding and decoding of a message based on dual synchronization of chaos has been demonstrated.
Crow Search Algorithm is an innovative meta- heuristic optimization algorithm. In this paper, chaotic maps are combined into Crow Search Algorithm to increase its global optimization. Ten variant chaotic maps are used and the Tent map is found as the best choices for high dimensional problems. The novel Chaotic Crow Search Algorithm is relied on the substitution of a random location of search space and the awareness parameter of crow with chaotic sequences. The results show that the chaotic maps are able to enhance the performance of the Crow Search Algorithm. Also the novel Chaotic Crow Search Algorithm outperforms the conventional Crow Search Algorithm, first version of Chaotic Crow Search Algorithm, Genetic Algorithm, and Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm from the point view of speed convergence and the function dimensions.
Using simple analytical procedure, a tuning rules for two degree of freedom (2-DOF) PI/PID controllers are presented. The proposed tuning algorithm assumes first order plus delay time and second order plus delay time as plant models to be controlled. The validity and features of the proposed tuning rules have been investigated by computer simulation study. Simulation study showed that the presented controllers have high performance response for step input changes and also that these rules are robust for load disturbance.
The investigation of the indoor electromagnetic propagation has been performed at the unlicensed industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band, which has gained increased attention recently due to high data rate communication systems developed to operate in it. The effect of the incidence angle and materials thicknesses on the reflection coefficients for both horizontal and vertical polarization has been studied. Two-dimensional ray-tracing model has been suggested to simulate the influence of buildings electromagnetic properties on indoor radio channel characteristics, such as signal level, rms delay spread, and coherence bandwidth. Results show that the influence of the permittivity is more important than the influence of the order of reflection considered for the ray- tracing model. It is also shown that, compared with power level, rms delay spread is more sensitive to the building dielectric parameters. Maximum rms delay spread is dependent mainly on the reflectivity of the walls which dependent on the dielectric parameters.
This paper presents a novel control framework for robot manipulator path tracking based on the integration of artificial immune systems, fuzzy logic, and fractional-order PID control. The proposed Fuzzy-Immune Fractional-Order PID (FIFOPID) controller combines immune feedback mechanisms, fuzzy logic reasoning, and fractional-order control principles, with controller parameters optimized using the Clonal Selection Algorithm (CSA). The performance of the FIFOPID controller is evaluated and compared against a Fuzzy-Immune PID (FIPID) controller under identical conditions. Simulation results conducted in MATLAB 2014a with SIMULINK demonstrate that the optimal FIFOPID controller outperforms the FIPID controller in terms of path tracking accuracy and overall control performance, highlighting its potential as an effective approach for precise robotic manipulator control.
The solar chimney is a natural draft device that uses solar radiation to provide upward momentum to the in-flowing air, thereby converting the thermal energy into kinetic energy through an air turbine which in turn can be converted into electrical energy. The main parts of the solar chimney power plant are a large circular solar collector, a tall chimney, and an air turbine. In this paper, a theoretical study was performed to evaluate the performance of a solar chimney power plant system in Basrah City, where sunny days and solar radiation are high. A mathematical model was developed to study the effect of various parameters on the output power of the solar chimney. I1 was found that the output power depends strongly on the chimney tall and the difference between the collector air temperature and the ambient air temperature as well as the outside heat transfer coefficient, which essentially depends on the wind speed.
This paper presents design and modeling of a compact reconfigurable quarter wavelength slot antenna compatible with the portable devices of the 5GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The concept of the transverse resonant method which is used for the transmission lines is utilized for modeling the proposed slot antenna. A PIN diode is used to switch the antenna operating band from the lower unlicensed indoor 5GHz WLAN band (5-5.3) GHz to the upper one (5.7-5.9) GHz and vice versa. Another PIN diode is attached to the feed line to provide suitable matching stub length for each operation mode. Furthermore, the shape of the radiating slot of the proposed antenna is modified to provide an omnidirectional radiation pattern in the H-plane suitable for the portable gadgets of the WLAN system. The measurements are in well agreement with the simulated results, and they verify the precision of the suggested model and the enhanced matching characteristics for the two operation modes of the proposed antenna.
In this paper, a design procedure which assumes general integer or noninteger order plant models ‘also can be unknown’ has been adopted to tune PID and fractional order PI (FOPI) controller. The design procedure depends on some specifications of frequency response of open loop system to ensure performance and robustness of step response of closed loop system. Firstly, the procedure is applied to integer order conventional PID (IOPID) controller, and then it has been extended to FOPI. Extensive simulation study has been made to investigate the performance of the obtained controllers, and also to compare between the two controllers. The simulation study has showed the validity and that the proposed controllers have good features in all of control demands, where it shows that these controllers have fast rise time with no overshoot and negligible steady state error. Also, it has showed that FOPI controller performs better than IOPID one.
In this paper, a Neural Network (NN) model system for self-organization fish school system is identified. Monitoring and data extraction from fish school video has been achieved by using image processing technique in order to generate the data suitable for parameter identification of NN model system. Data obtained have been used to identify the parameters of a model based on a black-box represented by nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model (NARX). The obtained results show that this system can be used for multi robot formation system.
This paper presents a new design to implement DFT/IDFT using the two components of a sequence, which are even and odd component sequences to solve the complexity of complex multiplications and reduce the number of multipliers. The proposed two implementations reduce the number of real multipliers needed to compute the DFT. The first proposed design gives good results for $N 512$ as compared to conventional FFT algorithm, while the second scenario gives good results for $N 1024$ as compared to conventional FFT algorithm. The proposed design is performed directly from real and imaginary part equations of the DFT sequence $X[k]$ without additional processing.
The theoretical study of synchronization of two coupled single mode semiconductor lasers is achieved. The transmitter is laser subject to optoelectronic feedback that operates in a chaotic regime. The receiver can also operate in a chaotic regime similar to the transmitter. The effects of parameter mismatch on the synchronization of two lasers with optoelectronic feedback are determined, with mismatch in delay time, with mismatch in feedback strength, and with coupling strength between two systems. The synchronization is sensitive to mismatch in the delay time for the transmitter and receiver feedback loops. An open - loop receiver configuration does not have the problem of delay time mismatch and shows the highest synchronization. The synchronization phenomena that appear in the two-coupled semiconductor lasers can be used in communications systems. Finally, an encoding and decoding of message on the chaotic carrier is demonstrated.
Formation control is a critical task in the coordination of multi-mobile robot systems operating in structured environments with limited local knowledge and low-cost hardware. Achieving reliable formations requires effective localization, path planning, and obstacle avoidance capabilities. This study presents a static strategy for forming polygon-shaped configurations using multiple mobile robots. The proposed strategy improves formation efficiency by employing a cluster matching algorithm instead of the conventional triangulation approach to complete the formation process. In addition, the visibility binary tree algorithm and the reciprocal orientation algorithm are integrated to enhance robot coordination and spatial awareness. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy achieves superior performance in multi-robot formation tasks, offering improved efficiency and robustness compared with traditional triangulation-based methods.
In this paper a combining Neurofuzzy and PID controllers have been employed for controlling the positions and rotational motions of the mini-helicopter system. Due to the strong coupling between the state variables of the mini-helicopter model, therefore, it is not suitable to design single controller for regulating the positions and rotational motions of the given model. To solve this problem, three neurofuzzy controllers are designed for the lateral, longitudinal and heave motion; and three classical PID controllers are proposed for attitude control. Nine rules are suggested for each neurofuzzy network depends on the previous knowledge/experiences of expert human pilot. The simulation results show that the proposed controllers are very effective to control the hovering, position and forward flight of the mini-helicopter system.
Different modulation techniques of Nine-Level Inverter (NLI) for an Open-End Winding Induction Motor (OEWIM) is presented in this paper. The two five-level inverters are fed by both ends of open-winding induction motor. The five-level inverters are connected by cascading of four two-level inverters. This inverter topology does not neutral-point fluctuation so this topology different from neutral-point clamping inverter and this scheme does not the diode clamping to fixed neutral point. In the different multilevel sinusoidal pulse width modulations used for the proposed topology. The drive is implemented and simulation with an open-end winding induction motor and simulation results are presented.
This paper presents a diagnostic technique for power quality analysis against different disturbances in electrical power source. The presented technique utilizes a wavelet packet transform (WPT)-based a proposed algorithm for monitoring and detection various disturbances occurring in supply voltage signal and in supply frequency. The values and the time locations for low and high frequency coefficients are determined up to level six and compared with a threshold determined from the operation of healthy source. The proposed technique is tested on certain cases and the simulated results indicate that this technique is effective for detecting and monitoring different mentioned disturbances.
Traditional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers continue to produce effective performance in controlling DC motors. Nowadays, advancements in optimization techniques are improving control performance. These techniques minimize fluctuations and accelerate convergence. In this study, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm was applied using the Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) objective function. The PSO used to tune PID parameters in MATLAB/Simulink. The resulting PSO-PID performance was compared with that of a conventional PID controller. The findings indicate that the PSO-PID approach reduces peak overshoot errors from 2.1% to 0.5%. Moreover, the PSO-PID substantially decreases the settling time. Despite adding GA, PSO-PID already shows excellent results (0.93 s settling time, compared with 1.85 s in GA and 1.15 s in classical PID). These improvements contribute to smoother actuator voltage. It can also reduce mechanical and electrical issues and enhance long-term system reliability.
In this paper, a neuro-fuzzy network-based adaptive tracking controller is suggested for controlling a type of nonlinear system. Where two neuro-fuzzy networks have been used to learn the system dynamics uncertainty bounds by using Lyapunov method. Then the output of these two networks are used to build a sliding mode controller. The stability of the control system is proved and stable neuro-fuzzy controller parameters adjustment laws are selected using Lyapunov theory. Simulation case study shows that the controlled system tracking the reference model effectively with smooth control effort and robust performance has been achieved.
This paper proposes a fuzzy logic based controller for boost type DC/DC converter. It forms an improvement to the dynamic performances of the well known PI like fuzzy controller which uses the output voltage error & its rate of change as an inputs. The proposed controller generates a duty ratio control signal through the addition of a weighted part of the input voltage and of the low pass filtered signal of the inductor current to that of the fuzzy controller which is fed by voltage error and a signal representing the differences of the output voltage from its low pass filtered version. The controlled boost DC/DC converter exhibited excellent performances under small and larger disturbances of the input voltage and output load resistance and also showed good reference tracking ability.
This paper deals with a new algorithm called circular paths for leader follower tracking with obstacle avoidance using. In leader follower tracking, one robot acts as a leader with defined motion and the other robot acts as a follower which position itself in accordance with the position and orientation of the leader. The leader movement is dependent on an assigned trajectory and the follower movement is dependent on the circular paths algorithm. In each step, this algorithm constructs a circular path using three points represented by the next step position of the leader robot, the last step position and the current step position of the follower robot. The next position of the follower robot lays on the circumstance of the circular path and the orientation is represented by the tangent line to this circular path at this next position of the follower robot. When an obstacle intersect any circular path for the follower robot, then this path must be replaced by another circular path construct from the two positions of the follower robot and the leader position is replaced by the tangent point to the obstacle. Simulation results illustrate the soundness of this algorithm.
The LCL Series Resonant Converter (LCL-SRC) type offer nearly load- independent output voltage under some operating conditions. By this way the output voltage can be regulated against a wide load and line variations with a small variation of switching frequency. In this paper a simple method for optimization of LCL-SRC is presented. This method takes the stored energy as a theoretical index to obtain the minimal size of the converter inductors L1 and L2 which contribute significantly to the converter size and weight. The Rac method for the analysis of resonant converter is discussed. This method was found fairly accurate for operation above resonant frequency.