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Go to Editorial ManagerParallel flow microchannel heat exchanger performance was numerically investigated, for laminar, 3-D, incompressible and steady state flow with slip flow and temperature jump conditions. The continuity, Navier-Stokes equations and the energy equations for the hot and cold fluids were solved by using finite volumes method and SIMPLE algorithm method with FORTRAN code to obtain the velocity and temperature distributions for the two fluids and the separated wall between them. The main investigation parameter that affected on the performance and effectiveness of heat exchanger are: Reynolds number Re, thermal conductivity ratio Kr, Knudsen number Kn, thickness of separating wall, heat capacity ratio Cr and aspect ratio α. Increasing of Reynolds number, Knudsen number, thickness of separating wall, heat capacity ratio and aspect ratio each separately leads to decrease the effectiveness while increasing of thermal conductivity ratio up to 10 leads to increase the effectiveness. Also, it is found that friction number and Nusselt number both decreases with increasing Knudsen number.
The hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is considered an effective technique to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. The effectiveness of the HEVs in reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions is required an accurate division of the total power demand between energy sources. This aim is reached by an accurate design of energy management strategy (EMS) in the HEVs. Dynamic programming is an effective strategy to found the optimal solution for energy management. This technique requires the driving cycle to be known previously, wherefore it's not suitable to implement in real-time. The Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) is an effective technique that can be implemented in real-time. This strategy is used to estimate and adapt the equivalent factor (EF) in real-time, which is used to convert the electric energy from the battery to equivalent fuel cost. The value of the (EF) varies with the driving cycle, therefore, the (EF) is suitable for a certain driving cycle and may lead to weak performance to another. This work proposed a technique based on the battery state of charge feedback called adaptive prediction (AP) to estimate and adapt the equivalent factor in real-time. The best-obtained results are ranged between (11.1 to 32.889) % for several different driving cycles.
Vehicles usually consist of several essential systems. The performance of the vehicle is evaluated through the efficiency of these systems to perform their duties. The suspension system is one of these systems dedicated to absorbing shocks arising from vehicles passing over road bumps, thus reducing vibrations and achieving passenger comfort while driving. This paper presents a study on enhancing ride comfort in a nonlinear half-car model using a modified Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. In this study a half-car model is developed considering the nonlinearities in the suspension system components. A nonlinear half-car model was adopted to increase accuracy and make the overall system closer to reality. Instead of the feed-forward conventional PID controller gains, the proposed controller gains are formed by putting the proportional and derivative gains in the feedback path while keeping the integral gain in the feed-forward path to act as an I- PD controller. The proposed controller is integrated into the model to deal with these nonlinearities effectively and to achieve the optimal performance of the vehicle body. The overall system has been developed and simulated in the Matlab Simulink environment to show the dynamic response. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the I-PD controller in improving the ride comfort and handling stability of the nonlinear half-car model by reducing body acceleration and suspension deflection. A comparison with other study has been conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
Evaporative cooling is a widely used energy-saving and environmentally friendly cooling technology. Evaporative cooling can be defined as a mass and heat transfer process in which the air is cooled by the evaporation of water and as a result a large amount of heat is transferred from the air to the water and thus the air temperature decreases. Evaporative cooling is mainly used in many cooling technologies used in buildings, factories, agricultural in addition to it is used industrially in cooling towers, evaporative condensers, humidification, and humidity control applications. Evaporative cooling is divided into direct evaporative cooling and indirect evaporative cooling, as well as water evaporative cooling and air evaporative cooling. This paper reviews the most important developments and technologies in evaporative cooling that lead to lower energy consumption and provide suitable cooling comfort.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
Over the past years, researchers have been focusing on development the robotics and actuation due to increase demand for these applications like industrial engineering, oil industry, healthcare, aerospace … etc. This work involves the design, construction and control of the Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) actuator. The industrial actuator has many characteristics able to be measured, which have an impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of the actuator while the execution of its tasks. The most important measurable characteristics are repeatability and accuracy. The current system typically is using Nitinol (Nickle Titanium Naval Ordinance Lab), which is one of the Shape Memory Alloy that contract when applying specific heat on it, and it can be used as an actuator. This work presents SMA in the shape of a spring to operate and control the accurate position of the 2-D system which containing four SMA springs, two SMA springs for the x -axis and two SMA springs for the y - axis. The theoretical design and calculations for SMA springs have been presented to collect information about the SMA springs. In a practical manner, the SMA spring characteristic like force and displacement were collected by a test bed that was designed and constructs before making the final rig. The setting shape of the SMA spring was presented and done as per the theoretical calculations. In the rig, each axis works as a two-direction actuator, the actuator is not prone to precise position points due to hysteresis and temperature variation. The SMA spring exhibited hysteresis and imprecise pointing, for that employing PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) with tracking mode controller to compensate the hysteresis. PID control system is played a decisive role with tracking mode model that achieves the aim behind the construction of the experimental rig. Good results have been obtained presented in three cases of drawing different shapes.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
A significant quantity of pollutants are contained within domestic wastewater which creates a substantial environmental issue with a large quantity of effluent that contains high amounts of contaminants. Turbidity is a major indicator of water quality and a measure of suspended solids. The purpose of this investigation was to study the use of electrocoagulation (EC) as a method of removing turbidity from municipal wastewater using aluminum electrodes. Using a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach, specifically Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the effect of three important operating variables was studied. These were: the initial pH of the wastewater in the range from 3 to 9; the current (or amperage, ranged from 0.1 A to 1.1 A); and the time for which the wastewater was treated by the EC process (ranged from 10 minutes to 20 minutes). The initial turbidity of each of the municipal wastewaters used in the testing remained constant at 336 NTU (nephelometric turbidity units) throughout the entire investigation. The effect of a number of different experiments was made in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the EC process for removing turbidity from the municipal wastewaters, and in addition take a measure of a predictive model of turbidity removal efficiency. The main conclusion drawn from the investigation was that the EC process will be very effective for removing turbidity from municipal wastewaters, which can vary from 5% removal to total removal (as high as 97%). There appeared to be a statistical correlation between the removal efficiency and the three experimental variables: pH (r=0.4316); amperage (r=0.3714); and time of treatment (r=0.3965). The removal efficiency was highest using the variables of Run 8 whereby the pH was equal to 9, the current was held constant at 0.6 A and the treatment time was 10 minutes, resulting in a turbidity removal efficiency of 97%. The various data showed that both slightly acid (pH=6) and alkaline (pH=9) gave a markedly superior removal than acid (pH=3) for obtaining constant, high removal efficiencies (average of 90.00% and 90.33%, respectively). Also, it was determined that a current of 0.6 A provided the most optimum amperage, giving an average removal efficiency of 95.33%. In addition, it was shown that long treatment times resulted in high removal efficiency, with the most averages of removal efficiencies recorded when the time of treatment was set.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
The accurate prediction of machinery faults is considered an effective strategy to increase the operation life of machines, ensure smooth operation, and provide a safe environment. Accordingly, the demands on predictive tools such as machine learning to detect machinery faults before catastrophic failure occurs has increased rapidly. In this research, a diagnosis algorithm based on using a 2D color-coded map as the input to a deep artificial neural network is proposed. These maps are called RDEgram after the processing of vibrational signals based on reverse dispersion entropy (RDE) method. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is investigated by testing its capability to detect different faults located at different locations on ball bearings under constant speed conditions. First, the squared envelope signal is extracted by applying the short time Fourier transform to vibration signal. Then, the RDE is used to process the squared envelope to detect the range of frequencies at which the transients occur. The RDEgram color-coded map is used to represent the RDE values as a function of frequency and frequency resolution. The maps from different fault features are collected to form the diagnostic patterns. Finally, a pretrained convolutional neural network (CNN) is applied to learn the feature pattern and diagnose the bearing faults. The CNN is trained using fixed- speed data and then it is applied to diagnose faults in the test data recorded at the same speed. The prediction method adopted in the current research shows a 100% level of accuracy for predicting two types of faults (pit and slot) located at various positions a ball bearing (KOYO 1205 C3 type) running at two constant speeds (25 and 30 Hz).
The finite element method is used to simulate the soil vibration behavior due to the Basrah-Baghdad passenger train and its effect on a targeted building in the Al-Ma'qal quarter, Basrah governorate. Three-dimensional dynamic elastic analyses are performed to calculate the particle velocities for a train speed of 120 km/hr. The effectiveness of screening using active (10 m long) open trench barriers with variable depth (2 m - 5 m) and width (0.4 m - 0.8 m), is being studied. For a given trench width (0.4 m), the results of the parametric study revealed a considerable effect of trench depth where the screening capability near the trench is increased by (10.4 %, 26.1 %, 36.3 %) due to a (50 %, 100 %, 150 %) increase in depth. The results are less sensitive to the variation in trench width. The screening capability of a double open (0.4 m × 10 m × 2 m) trench system was also investigated, where a mitigation improvement of (36.4 %) was achieved. The vibration mitigation using single and double trench systems, filled with (40 %) rubber content mixture, was also analyzed. It is concluded that using the additional passive trench increases the mitigation of the single system by around 19.1 %. An important finding is that the (40 % rubber + 60 % native cohesive soil) mixture proved to be a good filling material, since the infilled-trench systems produced comparable screening ratios to the open systems, where (97.7 %) and (85.4 %) were accomplished for the single and double systems, respectively.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
Nowadays, it is crucial to assess power system contingencies resulting from line outages or generator failures, as they might cause breaches of system constraints. This is a vital part of ensuring the security of modern power supplies. Another hindrance to providing electricity to consumers is the increased system losses and voltage fluctuations resulting from increased demand and diminished power generation capacity. The DG connection is a crucial subject regarding these harmful consequences. This study is focused on clarifying the effect of distribution generators (DG) on mitigating congestion in electrical power transmission lines, minimizing power losses, and enhancing the voltage profile of the Iraqi national grid system. An optimization method is used to identify the optimal size and position based on fitness indicators such as voltage, power losses, and line congestion. The PSO algorithm is executed as proposed. The outcomes illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique for estimating the optimal size and placement of distributed generators (DG). At the same time, it reduces congestion and improves the voltage level of the bus. The proposed technique was implemented using the MATLAB/R2018a programming language.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
The direct-contact evaporation method is characterized by its effectiveness in applications of heat exchangers, especially in cooling systems, due to the absence of any heat resistors that prevent the transfer of heat between the cold and hot medium. The direct contact heat transfer depends mainly on how quickly the heat is taken by the bubbles of the evaporative refrigerant from the liquid and the increase in its volume up to the top of the heat exchanger, which is usually a cylindrical liquid column so that the temperature drop therein is uniform and even. There is much research on the method of heat transfer by direct contact. In this research, we collected and summarized most of the theoretical and practical researches that examined this method with the most important findings.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
Solar energy can only be used when it's sunny outside. Therefore, solar heating is only efficient during the day and decreases at night or on overcast days. Consumer energy needs have a distinct seasonal structure, and solar energy cannot completely meet those needs. In order to satisfy customer demand, energy storage is essential. In order to maximize the use of solar energy and to increase the energy and efficiency of the solar absorption system, superior thermal properties of sophisticated materials, such as phase change materials, are important [1]. In the current study, 20 kg of phase change material (PCM) is integrated with solar water heating and fed into a storage tank to enhance the solar water heating efficiency. Helical coil heat exchangers were added to the storage tank as an external load. The trials were conducted in four separate months (September 2021, April, May, and June 2022) that were chosen on the first day. The effectiveness, heat gain, and significance of the phase change material in increasing heating efficiency throughout the day were studied using a range of variables, including water volume flow rate (2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 L/min) and inlet water temperature (25, 30, and 35 °C). The results showed that, given an initial temperature of 25 °C, the daily efficiency range, was 0.58 to 0.65, and that the daily final outlet temperature was enhanced outlet temperature over 65 °C. Additionally, on all test days, the heat released by the phase change material was audible in the evening and increased the utilization time.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
This study presents a modified approach for analyzing torsional vibrations in rotor systems using an enhanced Holzer method integrated with MATLAB-based techniques through the development of a graphical user interface (GUI). The primary objective is to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach and GUI in evaluating torsional vibration behavior in well-known rotor configurations, including two-, three-, and five-rotor systems. Classic torsional vibration problems were examined using the developed tools, and the results verified the accuracy and practicality of the method. The findings indicate that the modified approach and MATLAB GUI provide efficient, reliable, and user-friendly solutions for engineers, designers, and vibration analysts in studying and addressing torsional vibration issues in rotor systems.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
In several countries, residential buildings are responsible for high energy consumption. The majority of energy is consumed on air conditioning to ensure maximum indoor comfort. In Iraq, the demand for electricity increases significantly, especially during the summer for cooling purposes. In this paper, two technologies are proposed for buildings to reduce the cooling load. These approaches included the use of phase- changing materials (PCM) in different locations in the walls and roof, in addition to roof shading by galvanized iron. The effects of these proposals were simulated in the latest software tool (designbuilder) and compared with the standard building model. The results were clear when PCM was installed on the outer surface of the wall and roof, which achieved the highest reduction in the cooling load of about 18 %. While the roof shading method using corrugated galvanized iron proved its effectiveness by decreasing the cooling load to 5 % compared to the standard case.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
Castor Oil is a natural raw material, used to prepare Brominated Castor Oil (BCO) and quaternary ammonium salt based castor oil (TEt-CO). The two products were tested as demulsifiers and compared with a commercial demulsifier (Chimec2439) by using bottle test method. BCO showed a high ability on water separation efficiency 90% with a dose of 150µl at 120min time settling while TEt- CO showed a low water separation efficiency reached to 10%. The effect of the demulsifier BCO was tested by varying different variables which have an obvious effect on water separation efficiency such as: dose, temperature, time of mixing emulsion, pH and salinity of aqueous phase of emulsion, and water ratio. The effect of some additives (i.e. methanol, ethanol, xylene and toluene) on the efficiency of the BCO was tested for the purpose of enhancing its effectiveness to break the crude oil emulsion. The experimental data obtained by using BCO were formulated as a model using the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to evaluating the water separation efficiency. Multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network was developed based on the collected data of this study. The results showed that the training algorithm of back propagation (BP) is sufficient enough in predicting BCO efficiency under different operation conditions. It was found that the correlation coefficient values are 0.9995 and 0.9999 for the testing and training data, respectively and the mean square error (MSE) was 6.18*10^-5 at 200 epochs.