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Go to Editorial ManagerShatt Al-Arab River is the main water source for all water treatment plants in Basrah governorate. In order to assess its suitability as a source for domestic water supply and the performance of some of main water treatment plants, water quality index (WQI) is obtained for both raw and treated water for 10 water treatment plants. Physic-chemical parameters were monitored for the calculation of WQI for Winter, Spring, Summer, and Autumn seasons from March- 2011 to March- 2012.The parameter which were taken into account for the present work are pH, turbidity, electric conductivity, total alkalinity, total hardness, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4, TDS, Na, and K. The results indicate that Shatt Al Arab is very poor for domestic, industrial, and irrigation purposes during Winter, Spring, Summer, and Autumn seasons, while seven of ten of consider of water treatment plants produce water of poor quality.
A part of Basra water network which is near to Bradia water treatment plant is analyzed by using water cad program, water cad is also used for studying the water quality in the model by calculating the age and chlorine concentration for each pipe on the model. This model consist of (21)pipe ,(15)node or junction ,(6)loops, two water pumps one is operated and the second is stand by(each pump has a discharge equal to 0.6 mP3P/sec and a head of 60 m and an electrical control which related with the elevation of water in the tank),one elevated tank &one reservoir of water. The model studied hydraulically for two cases, the first case when the pump is power on and the second case when the pump is power off. Also the direction and discharge for each pipe are calculated. Different results are obtained in two cases. Also the results of water quality studies show that both the age of water and chlorine concentration at any pipe depended on its location with respect to the water treatment plant. Finally the calibration of the model is done in order to check the accuracy of the results.
Al-Robat and Al-Jubyla creeks, which composes the study area, are two of the main six creeks branched from Shatt Al- Arab river in Basrah province, south of Iraq. They are used as open drains for discharging untreated sanitary sewage which caused the depletion of their dissolved oxygen and subsequently the deterioration of their water quality. To study the impact of discharging untreated sanitary sewage on study area water quality, measured in terms of dissolved oxygen concentration, it is necessary to determine the values of deoxygenation coefficient ( K 1 ). The aim of this study is to find K 1 values for the study area using laboratory results of BOD time series analyses. For this purpose, water samples were collected from eight locations distributed along the study area. Thomas graphical method was applied to calculate K 1 . The results showed that the K 1 values for Al-Robat and Al-Jubyla creeks ranged from 0.279 to 0.488 day ˗ 1 at 20 °C with ultimate BOD values varied over the range (40.5-258.6) mg/l. These results revealed that the water in Al-Robat and Al-Jubyla creeks has the characteristics of raw sewage.
Water pollution is the most important tasks facing all countries in the world to obtain suitable water for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses. This study concerns with the effect of Bagdad city waste water on pollution and quality of Tigris River water using index of Aquifer water quality (IAWQ). The accuracy of chemical analyses of the selected water samples are conduced according to world standards of health classifications. Results of these analysis show that only two types of the 13th tested sample are ( certain ) ,while the other patterns ( models )are of the ( probable certain ). Cluster analysis is applied to evaluate the studied water characteristic. The results of the cluster analysis show the presence of three varying groups in their impact on their chemical properties on water .According to the cluster analysis and permissible limits of the variables, three chemical variables cadmium, lead, and calcium are selected to indicate its impact on the studied area. It is found that when using (IAWG) for the Tigris River, there is an increase in the values of the index along the river from its entry to Baghdad until it meets the Diyala river, showing a clear pollution of the Tigris river water.
Supplying drinking water in Al-Dewanyia city to meet Iraqi Drinking Water Guidelines is a challenge as source waters contain high concentrations of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) that often exceed 12 mg/L Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC). The US EPA indicates that enhanced coagulation is the best available technology to control DOC in drinking water treatment plants. A water director of Al-Qadissiya has used enhanced coagulation at Al-Dewanyia Water Treatment Plants (WTP’s) in Iraq since 2004 to improve water quality in the distribution system. NOM reduction has led to treated water with a lower chlorine demand allowing a greater residual penetration enabling improved bacteriological compliance. Since the cost of DOC (and Disinfection by-product DBPs) determination was high, it was decided to study the traditional analysis of COD as a surrogate measure to detect the organic constituents in raw water and the extent to which optimized coagulation with ferric chloride can increase COD removal. The water samples studied belonged to Al-Dewanyia River. For samples the observed values of COD removal by coagulation at lower pH (about 1-1.5 pH values less than the regular pH (5.8 ~ 8.5)) were about 85-95 percent without making water turbidity unacceptable. In order to determine the effects of organic content on coagulation, The results indicated that a modified coagulation process without need to much increasing the amount of coagulant can be developed for these water samples.
Shatt Al-Arab river has been used as the raw material for the drinking water, irrigation and fish purposes in Basrah city. Concurrently, this river has been polluted by domestic, farming and industrial waste. Three main factories lie on the bank of Shatt Al-Arab river: Al-Hartha Paper Mill, Hartha Power Station and Al-Najibia Power Plant. All these consume water from the river and return their wastewater back to it. The aim of this study is to assess the water quality of Shatt Al-Arab river and its suitability for drinking, irrigation and aquatic life through physicochemical analysis temperature, pH, EC, Total Dissolve Solid (TDS), Cl − , Na + , K + , Ca +2 , Mg+2, HCO 3 total hardness, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). BOD5 concentration near factories showed polluted water, unsafe and requiring costly treatment to use for drinking water. Sodium concentration is a key factor for irrigation, which represent by SAR and SSP. As SSP exceed 75.73 % in water near these factories, this could breakdown soil structure and can damage agriculture area. The high concentrations of BOD5 and COD could pose a threat to aquatic life and fishes. As Shatt Al-Arab river is used for different purpose, the result in this study showed polluted water near industrial areas. Therefore, it is recommended to have regular data on water quality for this river near these areas.
Constructed wetlands are engineered systems used for wastewater treatment with the objective of reusing water under controlled conditions by mimicking natural treatment mechanisms involving porous media, plants, and microbial communities. This study investigates the performance of a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland, where wastewater flows through a gravel bed and vegetation roots, allowing contact with biofilm developed within the wetland substrate. To evaluate treated water quality, physical, chemical, and biological parameters were measured. Field results demonstrated that pollutant removal efficiency increased with detention time. After 3, 4, and 6 days of treatment, average removal efficiencies were 47.7%, 53.2%, and 77.5% for COD; 45.1%, 52.8%, and 64.4% for total nitrogen (TN); and 55.4%, 58.8%, and 72.2% for ammonium (NH₄), respectively. Nitrate removal averaged 19.41% after 3 days. These findings confirm that the horizontal flow constructed wetland system is effective in reducing key wastewater pollutants.
A significant quantity of pollutants are contained within domestic wastewater which creates a substantial environmental issue with a large quantity of effluent that contains high amounts of contaminants. Turbidity is a major indicator of water quality and a measure of suspended solids. The purpose of this investigation was to study the use of electrocoagulation (EC) as a method of removing turbidity from municipal wastewater using aluminum electrodes. Using a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach, specifically Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the effect of three important operating variables was studied. These were: the initial pH of the wastewater in the range from 3 to 9; the current (or amperage, ranged from 0.1 A to 1.1 A); and the time for which the wastewater was treated by the EC process (ranged from 10 minutes to 20 minutes). The initial turbidity of each of the municipal wastewaters used in the testing remained constant at 336 NTU (nephelometric turbidity units) throughout the entire investigation. The effect of a number of different experiments was made in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the EC process for removing turbidity from the municipal wastewaters, and in addition take a measure of a predictive model of turbidity removal efficiency. The main conclusion drawn from the investigation was that the EC process will be very effective for removing turbidity from municipal wastewaters, which can vary from 5% removal to total removal (as high as 97%). There appeared to be a statistical correlation between the removal efficiency and the three experimental variables: pH (r=0.4316); amperage (r=0.3714); and time of treatment (r=0.3965). The removal efficiency was highest using the variables of Run 8 whereby the pH was equal to 9, the current was held constant at 0.6 A and the treatment time was 10 minutes, resulting in a turbidity removal efficiency of 97%. The various data showed that both slightly acid (pH=6) and alkaline (pH=9) gave a markedly superior removal than acid (pH=3) for obtaining constant, high removal efficiencies (average of 90.00% and 90.33%, respectively). Also, it was determined that a current of 0.6 A provided the most optimum amperage, giving an average removal efficiency of 95.33%. In addition, it was shown that long treatment times resulted in high removal efficiency, with the most averages of removal efficiencies recorded when the time of treatment was set.