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Go to Editorial ManagerIn this paper, a second order Sliding Mode Controller (SMC), based on Super – Twisting algorithm, Fuzzy estimator and PID controller is presented for quarter vehicle active suspensions. Because of the chattering that appeared at the output of the system when using first order SMC, second order SMC is preferred. The proposed controller has been derived in order to achieve the convergence and the stability of the system that can improve the comfortable driving and vehicles safety against different road disturbances. The Artificial Bee Colony optimization method has been utilized to find the optimal values of the proposed controller parameters. The obtained results of the simulations have been verified the efficiency and the ability of the proposed control scheme to suppress the oscillations and give the stability of the suspension system in the presence of uncertainty and different road disturbances.
An energy-harvesting hydraulic regeneration suspension system is described in this article, which includes a hydraulic motor, a spool valves, and a hydraulic cylinder. Regenerative actuators are built using a hydraulic transmission system as their inspiration. The proposed regenerative actuator is implemented in the vehicle's non-linear suspension system for a complete model. MATLAB Simulink is utilized to generate and simulate the entire vehicle's regenerative suspension system, which has force properties which are nonlinear with hydraulic actuators equations with energy harvesting from regenerative actuators. During the mathematical simulation, the effect of pressure differential on the spool valve's operation is also taken into account. The quantity of captured energy is compared to the energy expended on the active actuator and the energy generated with the electromagnetic actuator at three distinct input signals at three different pressure level (10, 30 and 50 bars) (random, sinusoidal, and square). The energy generated in the regenerative hydraulic actuator at three pressure levels behaves the same as the active actuator in terms of response, plus the highest pressure of 50 bar is closely comparable to the active system in terms of energy harvest and gradually decreases as the output pressure drops in addition to the behavior of the electromagnetic and its comparison with the wasted energy of the active system.
Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) combines the efficiency of manual transmissions with the driving comfort of automatic transmissions while providing an infinite range of gear ratios, improved fuel economy, and enhanced acceleration performance. This study presents a comparative evaluation of CVT performance against manual and automatic transmissions in a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), focusing on fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. A baseline HEV model equipped with a CVT gearbox was selected from ADVISOR simulation software and subsequently modified by replacing the CVT with manual and automatic transmissions for comparison. Exhaust emissions, including catalytic converter pollutant reactions, were recorded for all configurations. Performance assessments were conducted using several global standard driving cycles to simulate real driving conditions. Results indicated that the CVT configuration achieved superior fuel economy and a significant reduction in exhaust emissions compared with manual and automatic transmissions. This improvement is attributed to the CVT’s effective control of speed ratio and overall transmission efficiency. The findings support the suitability of CVT gearboxes for urban hybrid vehicle applications due to their low fuel consumption and high efficiency in speed ratio control.
The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is a crucial step towards mitigating climate change and addressing the global energy crisis. The increasing use of lithium-ion batteries in EVs is attributed to their superior power density and efficiency. However, ensuring optimal battery performance and safety necessitates effective thermal management due to the significant heat generated during operation. Current cooling systems face challenges in maintaining the desired temperature range and uniformity. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art techniques in battery thermal management, focusing on phase change material (PCM) cooling and different cooling methods. This study, in accordance with its developments, compares the advantages and limitations of various cooling methods as potential solutions for next-generation EVs. It highlights the potential of method cooling, which, while promising, needs further research to establish its commercial viability and aims to guide future advancements in battery thermal management for next-generation EVs. Under both typical and extreme usage scenarios, direct cooling may enhance the necessary battery performance and serve as an innovative method for managing the temperature of electric vehicle batteries. The primary challenge of this technique lies in its suitability for commercial application. This article is organized to cover the thermal properties of lithium-ion batteries, the main issues associated with lithium-ion battery heat, a discussion of reversible and irreversible heat generation and their effects on battery performance, as well as strategies for preventing and mitigating thermal runaway in battery systems. Finally, it summarizes the key recommendations for future research on battery thermal management.
Vehicles usually consist of several essential systems. The performance of the vehicle is evaluated through the efficiency of these systems to perform their duties. The suspension system is one of these systems dedicated to absorbing shocks arising from vehicles passing over road bumps, thus reducing vibrations and achieving passenger comfort while driving. This paper presents a study on enhancing ride comfort in a nonlinear half-car model using a modified Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. In this study a half-car model is developed considering the nonlinearities in the suspension system components. A nonlinear half-car model was adopted to increase accuracy and make the overall system closer to reality. Instead of the feed-forward conventional PID controller gains, the proposed controller gains are formed by putting the proportional and derivative gains in the feedback path while keeping the integral gain in the feed-forward path to act as an I- PD controller. The proposed controller is integrated into the model to deal with these nonlinearities effectively and to achieve the optimal performance of the vehicle body. The overall system has been developed and simulated in the Matlab Simulink environment to show the dynamic response. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the I-PD controller in improving the ride comfort and handling stability of the nonlinear half-car model by reducing body acceleration and suspension deflection. A comparison with other study has been conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
The hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is considered an effective technique to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. The effectiveness of the HEVs in reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions is required an accurate division of the total power demand between energy sources. This aim is reached by an accurate design of energy management strategy (EMS) in the HEVs. Dynamic programming is an effective strategy to found the optimal solution for energy management. This technique requires the driving cycle to be known previously, wherefore it's not suitable to implement in real-time. The Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) is an effective technique that can be implemented in real-time. This strategy is used to estimate and adapt the equivalent factor (EF) in real-time, which is used to convert the electric energy from the battery to equivalent fuel cost. The value of the (EF) varies with the driving cycle, therefore, the (EF) is suitable for a certain driving cycle and may lead to weak performance to another. This work proposed a technique based on the battery state of charge feedback called adaptive prediction (AP) to estimate and adapt the equivalent factor in real-time. The best-obtained results are ranged between (11.1 to 32.889) % for several different driving cycles.
The purpose of this research is to control a quarter car suspension system and also to reduce the fluctuated movement caused by passing the vehicle over road bump using modified PID (Proportional Integral and Derivative) controller. The proposed controller deals with dual loop feedback signals instead of single feedback signal as in the conventional PID controller. The structure of the modified PID controller was created by moving the proportional and derivative actions in the feedback path while remaining the integral action in the forward path. Thus, high accuracy results were obtained. Firstly, modelling and simulation of linear passive suspension system for a quarter car system was performed using Matlab – Simulink software. Then the linear suspension system was activated and simulated by using an active hydraulic actuator to generate the necessary force which can be regulated and controlled by the proposed controller. The performance of whole system has been enhanced with a modified PID controller.
This paper is concerned with the design of a new controller for active suspension system. The model is considered as a quarter-car. The presented controller depends on the fuzzy technique and NARMA-L2 linearization algorithm. The compensation system that added by the fuzzy rules improves the performance of the controller, while the neural network produces the required control signal. The new controller can achieve an improvement of the ride comfort with a reasonable value of power consumption. The mathematical analysis of the mechanical power used by the model is focused on the average and the RMS of the power supplied to the system, regardless of the frequency content of the vibration signal. The simulation results which are verified by a practical examples of road profiles, demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed controller.
Modeling and simulation of non-linear quarter-car suspension system for two air spring models (traditional and dynamic new air spring) are contrasted in terms of (RMS) sprung mass acceleration, dynamic load coefficient, the vertical displacement, they are compared. Two and three (DOF) of the mathematical quarter models are implemented in MATLAB/Simulink platform. The Ride Comfort (RC), Dynamic Load Coefficient (DLC) and Road Handling (RH) responses are evaluated as objective functions respectively considering a vehicle speed at 72 km/h and road ISO Class B. The obtained results indicate that the vertical displacement, the (RMS) of the sprung mass acceleration, and dynamic load coefficient values with the new air model system decrease by 10.7 %, 30.6 %, and 13.49 % respectively, in comparison to a tradition suspension system, this one gives more comfort and effortless handling.