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Go to Editorial ManagerAISI 4330 Low-alloy steel is good material for advanced application because of its properties including strength and longevity. However, performance may be modified with heat treatment procedures, include quenching and tempering. These processes can create residual stresses and retained austenite (RA), which have an effect on the metal's application. these factors influence fatigue life, dimensional stability, and fracture toughness of engineered components. uncontrolled residual stresses can reduce fatigue strength by up to 30%, while optimal retained austenite content (e.g., 5-10%) can enhance damage tolerance. This study focuses on residual stresses and retained austenite measurement in AISI 4330 low-alloy steel after heat treatment. including experimental and simulation methods. The review summarizes many scientific studies published between 2019 and 2024 and shows some main challenges. One challenge is the difference between experimental results (for example, from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and neutron (diffraction) and simulation results (especially using ANSYS software). Another challenge is that different methods for measuring retained austenite can give different results, which can change how we understand the steel's properties. The review also explains new progress in modeling heat treatment. This includes adding phase transformation models to finite element simulations. Future efforts should combine multiscale simulation, characterization, and machine learning to achieve predictive control over these properties in manufacturing.
Four groups of AISI 1020 specimens were heat-treated at 850 °C in a muffle furnace for 30 minutes then quenched in oil. The samples were tempered at 400 °C with a time period for each group as (group B, 2 hours), (group C, 3 hours), and (group D, 4 hours). The mechanical properties of the samples were studied using universal tensile testing equipment and a Brinell hardness testing machine. The hardness values of the quenched samples were calculated from a given modified equation. The torsional fatigue behavior of AISI 1020 was discovered in this investigation for heat-treated specimens and compared with the original specimens. All groups were subjected to an analysis using an optical microscope. Pearlite is formed when is heated in the austenitic region and then cooled below a lower critical temperature. It was concluded that the heat treatment increases the hardness for the specimens while decreased the shear fatigue ductility coefficient. Also, the heat treatment increased the shear fatigue strength coefficient. Furthermore, increasing in the time period of the tempering process was leaded to decrease the coefficient of shear fatigue strength and increased the coefficient of shear fatigue ductility.
In this research work, the influence of cutting parameters and drill point angle on the temperature distribution in dry drilling of stainless steel AISI 304 was numerically investigated by using FE method based on DEFORM-3D V.11 commercial software. Two cutting tools of 10 mm diameter but different in point angles, one is 110° and the other is 118°. These tools were imported from specific website in a format of STL and inserted in the program during modeling of cutting tools. The material of the cutting tools is selected as high-speed steel. The workpiece model is created as cylindrical shape with 50 mm diameter and 5 mm thickness. The cutting parameters are selected as three cutting speeds (100, 200, and 300) rpm, with three feed rates (0.15, 0.25, and 0.35) mm/rev. The depth of hole is fixed for all simulations (3 mm). The percentage of increase or decrease in the resulted temperature according to the various cutting parameter was also calculated and discussed. The best cutting performance of tools according to the change of point angles was also investigated. The results provided a significant influence of cutting speed and tool point angle on the temperature generated in the machined models and very small influence of feed speed on the workpiece temperature.
The present study aims to investigate the influence of heat treatment and surface finish on the behavior of crevice corrosion resistance of AISI 410 and 416 martensitic stainless steels thus, to quantify the conditions at which crevice corrosion minimize as possible. The experimental work carried out during this study involves material selection, chemical composition tests, specimens preparation before heat treatments, austenitizing at temperature range (925-1010˚C) and for holding time periods of (30, 45 and 90 min), air and oil quenching followed by tempering at heating range of (205- 605 ̊C) and for 45 min, micro hardness tests, specimens grinding, surface roughness measurements, crevice corrosion tests, crevice evaluation and microstructure tests. Theoretically, empirical equations for crevice maximum depth under the effect of surface roughness and hardness for both AISI 410 and 416 steels were determined. While for microstructure analysis, carbides average area was determined by using the ImageJ analysis program and a mathematical model was also predicted. Results showed that, as hardness and surface roughness increase crevice corrosion resistance decreases. Therefore, material treated by annealing can minimize crevice corrosion rates more than that treated with hardening.
The present work aims to build mathematical models based on experimental data to estimate the mechanical properties of submerged arc weldment. AISI 1020 low carbon steel plates 16mm thickness were welded according to orthogonal array in order to establish the relationship between input parameters (welding current, Arc voltage and welding speed) and output parameters (ultimate tensile stress, yield stress, impact energy and hardness) by submerged arc welding (SAW) process. The relationship between input and output parameters for the welding process are conducted using two suitable mathematical models the first one based on regression analysis, while the second one based on multi input single output ANFIS model for estimation of some mechanical properties of the welded plates. It was found that ANFIS results are closer to the experimental results than regression results. The optimal parameters (which give a maximum value of ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield stress and impact energy; 446 MPa, 318 MPa and 213 J) are welding current is (380 Amp), Arc voltage is (25 V) and welding speed is (40 cm/min), while the maximum value of hardness number is (228 HV), when current welding is (380 Amp), Arc voltage is (25 V) and welding speed is (25 cm/min).
The mechanical properties of low alloy steel are significantly influenced by retained austenite (RA). Consequently, using the X-Ray diffraction (XRD) measurement method, the retained Austenite volume fractions in AISI4330 alloy steel have been assessed in this article. The specimens underwent heat treatment at various heating temperatures (800 ֯ C, 900 ֯ C,1000 ֯ C) and cooling rates (Water and Oil). The findings demonstrate that retained Austenite formation rises with rising heating (Austenitizing) temperatures for the same quenching media as well as with rising cooling rates. The specimens were heated to a temperature of 1000 °C and then quenched in water, yielding the highest amount of retained austenite (7.733 wt%), and the lowest amount (1.977 wt%), which was obtained when the specimens were heated to a temperature of 800 °C and quenched in oil. The Vickers method was employed to conduct micro-hardness testing, and the results demonstrate that hardness values are reduced as heating temperatures increase. Optical microscopy was used to investigate the effects of retained austenite on the microstructure. The results show that bainite and/or martensite phases with a small amount of retained austenite dominate the microstructure at low cooling rates, whereas martensite and retained austenite phases dominate the microstructure at higher heating and cooling rates.