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Go to Editorial ManagerThis study is focused on the assessment of the effects of Sulphur percentage in submerged arc welded API 5L X60 steel under conditions simulated to crude oil environments on its mechanical properties and microstructure. This involved immersing welded specimens in distilled water containing high (0.3250 ml/4L distilled water) and low (0.25 ml/4L distilled water) Sulphur concentrations for four weeks, while unimmersed samples were used as controls for comparison between the two groups of samples. The related experiments were tensile test, hardness measurements, SEM and EDS analyses and XRD analysis. The most mechanically degraded was the high- Sulphur group (H-group); yield strength of 441 MPa (17% loss) and ultimate tensile strength of 506 MPa (11% loss). For the low-sulfur group (L-group), reductions were more moderate: 467 MPa and 523 MPa, respectively. Weld metal (WM) and HAZ hardness values in the H-group were 203 HB and 208 HB, respectively, while those of the L-group were 208 HB and 214 HB. The H-group created a non-protective mixed layer of acicular iron oxides and iron sulfides (FeS) with respect to the microstructural aspects, whereas the L-group developed a thin protective film of iron oxide free from sulfides. Welding parameters were investigated for their effect on the corrosion rate and mechanical properties.
Nanoparticles show mechanical, electrical, chemical and optical properties that are different and superior to bulk materials. In the present work, α-Alumina nanoparticles were synthesized using the nonorganic Sol-Gel method under controlled conditions. Because of the low cost of its raw materials, low manufacturing temperature and the high purity of the product, Sol-Gel method is the best in the manufacture of nanostructures like metal oxide nanoparticles. The precursor of the Sol-Gel process was aluminum nitrate with ethanol. The prepared nanopowder was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron dispersive spectroscope (EDS) and Malvern Zetasize analyzer.
The goal of this study is to evaluate the mechanical characteristics and energy absorption capabilities of both closed-cell pure Aluminum foam and closed-cell A356 foam. A portion of the lightweight pure foam samples (17.12, 17.77 and 15.27 g) is produced through casting of raw material (99.9 % pure aluminum) using Titanium Hydride (TiH 2 ) as a foaming agent, which lead to (7.5, 7 and 8) Pores Per Inches (PPI); and samples of A356 foam (38.24, 38.18 and 35.88 g) is produced through casting of A356 alloyed material with same procedure which lead to (11, 10 and 12) PPI. In order to determine the maximum compressive strength, strength-to-weight ratio, energy absorption density, complementary energy, and energy absorption efficiency, a uniaxial compression test is conducted. The results indicate that compression of pure foam structure smashed in a ductile manner and shows a lamellar eutectic structure while A365 foams under compression are crashed with brittle character with complex phases distribution inside (polyhedral and globular morphologies), A noticeable enhancement is observed in the mechanical characteristics of the A356 foam. The maximum compressive strength and specific energy absorption of alloyed foam are increased by a factor nearly of 4 and 2 respectively for all tested samples. Also, the result shows a significant decreasing in compressive strength with increasing of PPI for both pure and alloyed foam. The notable enhancements in the properties of alloyed closed cell foam render these advanced materials a viable option for high-strength applications.
The enormous volume of crude oil that needs to be transported results from the growing demand for petroleum. One of the most practical ways to move crude oil is via pipelines. This paper's primary objective is to examine the effects of sulphur, one of the components of crude oil, on welded pipes (API 5L X60, X46, and X42 pipes as well as ASTM A106 pipes). It also aims to show how sulphur content influences different kinds of pipes separately from the other important components of crude oil. The sulphur content of crude oil is determined using the TR-TCXRF equipment. The corrosion rates of welded pipes in four immersion solutions (Different percentages of sulphur content) were computed using weight loss. The samples' corrosion characteristics were assessed morphologically using an optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Petroleum welded pipelines' mechanical qualities and resistance to corrosion are significantly impacted by sulphur; an increase in sulphur concentration resulted in a higher rate of corrosion and a decrease in mechanical properties. Among all the welded pipes utilized in the paper, the API 5L X60 welded pipe had the highest corrosion rate, whereas X46 welded pipe was more corrosion-resistant than X46 and X42 in API 5L-type pipes and ASTM A106 pipe.