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Go to Editorial ManagerIn This paper, an experimental study was carried out on a dual channel with perforating “V” corrugated absorber plate of solar air collector which the air flows both in upper channel and lower channel of the absorber plate for increasing heat transfer coefficient and improving thermal performance. The results of experimental procedures for dual channel with perforating “V” corrugated absorber plate of solar collector were compared with the flat plate dual channel of solar collector. Experimental calculations had been performed under Baghdad (33.34° North latitude, 44.4° East longitude) climatic conditions at different values of mass flow rates 0.021 kg/s, 0.027 kg/s and 0.32 kg/s. The results showed that the dual channel with perforating “V” corrugated absorber plate of solar collector is found to perform more efficiently than the flat plate dual channel of solar collector with increased 39% in thermal efficiency. Then, it showed that the efficiency increases with increasing mass flow rates. Also, it showed that the heat removal factor of the dual channel with perforating “V” corrugated absorber plate of solar collector is 36% more than the flat plate dual channel of solar collector. At the last part of the study, the exergy relations were derived for both collectors. The results of this part showed that the flat plate dual channel of solar collector is having largest irreversibility (exergy loss) and the dual channel with perforating “V” corrugated absorber plate of solar collector is having a greatest exergetic efficiency.
Alienation is a broad concept, conveying a bunch of cognitive issues, such as Language, Philosophy, Sociology, and Psychology in addition to Architecture as well. Society is affected by a group of factors, reflected by various phenomena giving rise to making a change in society in all different aspects. There exist various concepts, such as estrangement, weirdness, and place, which must be distinguished from alienation in all its forms and categories. These are spatial alienation, social alienation, and psychological alienation. In this respect, spatial alienation means the break of continuity of Man from the place he/she belongs to due to the defragmentation in the urban fabric it can affect its architectural components. In addition, it created some sort of discrepancy and mess between the physical components of the city and its worn-out urban voids. Consequently, this creates a weakness in the social and functional interaction, as well as a divergence of the urban landscape of the urban fabric of the port cities from the cultural and civilized legacy and the identity of the place as well. This research entails concepts relating to alienation, study, and analysis of the urban form of the port cities. AL-Ashar city has been chosen to be the model of the study sample. The research has come to findings that there exists alienation between urban voids and the physical elements within the urban fabric leading to weakness in the continuity and affiliation to the identity of the place and the city’s architectural heritage. Thus, the research includes two axes: first, the theoretical concepts, while the second is the field study followed by a descriptive approach, then we introduce the outcomes, the most important conclusions, and recommendations.
Data sets of highest monthly rainfall for the period (1887-1958) are used for evaluating the proper theoretical statistical distribution of extreme monthly rainfall in Baghdad city. The frequency analyses and most statistical test were done using a commercial version of HYFRAN. Five distributions are used in this research, which are: - Normal, Pearson Type III, Lognormal, 3-parameter lognormal and Gumbel. Estimation of theoretical distribution is achieved by using maximum likelihood method and adequacy test is carried out using chi-square test. Lognormal, 3-parameter lognormal, and Gumbel distributions seem to be suitable for representing of maximum monthly rainfall in the study area.
Al20rA l10l bronzing systems were produced using a one-stage actively brazed technique based on Cu-Ti, Cu-Zr, and Ag-Cu-Ti alloys. Single and double butt joints were used for micro-structural and mechanical properties studies respectively. The joints that were brazed by using Cu-Zr filler-metal alloys (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% Zr weight percent) have shown low shear strengths at the 2rO2 interface. Higher shear strength was obtained by using Cu-Ti filler-metal alloys (2%, 4%, 6, and 8% Ti weight percent), and eutectic (Ag-26%C u-4% Ti). As judged by the phases Conned at the interface, Cu2 (AlTi)4O is more effective to wet and both alumina to alumina.
Nowadays, it is crucial to assess power system contingencies resulting from line outages or generator failures, as they might cause breaches of system constraints. This is a vital part of ensuring the security of modern power supplies. Another hindrance to providing electricity to consumers is the increased system losses and voltage fluctuations resulting from increased demand and diminished power generation capacity. The DG connection is a crucial subject regarding these harmful consequences. This study is focused on clarifying the effect of distribution generators (DG) on mitigating congestion in electrical power transmission lines, minimizing power losses, and enhancing the voltage profile of the Iraqi national grid system. An optimization method is used to identify the optimal size and position based on fitness indicators such as voltage, power losses, and line congestion. The PSO algorithm is executed as proposed. The outcomes illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique for estimating the optimal size and placement of distributed generators (DG). At the same time, it reduces congestion and improves the voltage level of the bus. The proposed technique was implemented using the MATLAB/R2018a programming language.
Human beings are facing an unprecedented rise in temperature rates not recorded for years. HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems have been created and enhanced to solve this issue. Cooling load must be estimated with accepted methodologies before designing an efficient and effective air conditioning system. Companies, researchers, institutions, and others advise and develop many cooling load calculation methods. Each one of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages and may give a slightly different result for the same case. For each building, whether it was residential or commercial buildings, gyms, or shopping malls, before making the decision on (HVAC) systems to be used, both heating and cooling loads should be obtained as correctly as possible to minimize expenses as possible. Since the HVAC system consumes the most energy in an air-conditioned building, an accurate method of cooling load estimation is necessary. Consequently, an energy-efficient air conditioning system reduces greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere while also saving money on electricity. Two cases have been compared and studied, one in Dubai UAE, and the other in Baghdad Iraq. Three different methods, HAP, hand calculation method (CLTD/SCL/CLF), and MS-EXCEL E20 form sheet were used to compare the accuracy of the results for cooling load. Results of E20 and HAP are very close to each other with high accuracy for peak load, the big difference can be found between the CLTD method and the other two methods. The value of the maximum difference percentage was found between CLTD and E20 equals 3.28% and 7.96%, on the other hand, the lowest difference was equals to 0.3% and 1.51% between HAP and E20 results for Baghdad and Dubai respectively. Traditional and local materials came from local factories, used in buildings played a big effect on the results, which may not match those materials stated in the ASHRAE or CARRIER tables, which need to be considered in the results and calculation procedure. However, all methods have a percentage of difference but all results are within the accepted range and are applicable for practical cases. Of course, this percentage is minimal with some methods and maximum with others.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
Surge pressure is the additional pressure created when pipes move downward, and swab pressure is the pressure reduction that occurs when pipes move upward. When pipes are raised, it can result in a decrease in the pressure at the bottom of the hole due to the influence of pressure. An investigation showed that surge pressure is important for the circulation loss problem produced by unstable processes in Management Pressure Drilling (MPD) actions. Trip margin is an increase of mud density for providing overbalance so as to recompense the swabbing effect through pulling out the pipes of hole. Through trip margin there is an increase in the hydrostatic pressure of mud that compensates for the reduction of bottom pressure due to stop pumping and/or swabbing effect while pulling pipe out of hole. This overview shows suggested mathematical/numerical models for simulating surge pressure problem inside the wellbore with adjustable cross-section parts. To run the analyzed models, input data such as fluid speed around the drill pipe, pipe movement speed, hole diameter, drill pipe diameter, and internal drill pipe diameter are required. These data can be obtained from the drilling rig website. Swab pressures and surge pressures have been the primary causes of wellbore instability and blowouts in the oil industry for many years, resulting in pressure changes. This review focused on the most important basic theories for calculating the optimal factors related to surge and swab pressures and then linking them to the most important programs for calculating them. One of the most important conclusions from this review is that the optimal speed must be determined for the lowering and raising of pipes, to prevent kick or losses.
Water pollution is the most important tasks facing all countries in the world to obtain suitable water for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses. This study concerns with the effect of Bagdad city waste water on pollution and quality of Tigris River water using index of Aquifer water quality (IAWQ). The accuracy of chemical analyses of the selected water samples are conduced according to world standards of health classifications. Results of these analysis show that only two types of the 13th tested sample are ( certain ) ,while the other patterns ( models )are of the ( probable certain ). Cluster analysis is applied to evaluate the studied water characteristic. The results of the cluster analysis show the presence of three varying groups in their impact on their chemical properties on water .According to the cluster analysis and permissible limits of the variables, three chemical variables cadmium, lead, and calcium are selected to indicate its impact on the studied area. It is found that when using (IAWG) for the Tigris River, there is an increase in the values of the index along the river from its entry to Baghdad until it meets the Diyala river, showing a clear pollution of the Tigris river water.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
In this research ,the sediment load in Shat Al- Gharaf River , lies in the south of Iraq ,has been studied . Two empirical formulas those have been presented by ; Bagnold and Van Rijin were adopted as a deterministic equations for computing the sediment discharge in selected reaches of river . The application of these equations requires to do different hydraulic , sediment , and geometric measurements for the selected reaches . Accordingly , thirteen sections along the river within a study area have been adopted . After analyzing the available data , a new formula for estimating the suspended sediment load in Shat Al-Gharaf was developed , depending on the data for ten sections of this river and by using SPSS program , the determination coefficient of the new formula was (R 2 =0.94) . The validity of the established formula has been verified using some well related (i.e., nearly the same hydraulics and geometrical circumstances) of field data over the world was selected from published literatures [8] these are : Colorado river data of the U.S.B.R.(1958) ,River data from Leopold (1969) , and India canal data of Chaudry et.al.(1970). As well as ,those observed in the remaining three sections of present river , the verification shows a good agreement . The results of the adopted two formulas and the new formula were compared with field measurements using Discrepancy Ratio (bais) method . The suggested new formula gave the best results where 50% of data located within a discrepancy ratio close to one and 30% of data located within an error ±20% , that is refer to suitability adoption this formula as a deterministic equation to estimate the sediment load in Shat Al-Garaf river within a study reach .
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
In this work, the turbulent buoyancy driven fluid flow and heat transfer in a differentially heated tall rectangular enclosure filled with nanofluid is quantified numerically. The two dimensional governing differential equations (continuity, momentum, energy and low Reynolds number LRN k-ω turbulence equations) are discretized using the finite volume method. SIMPLE algorithm is employed to obtain stabilized solution for high Rayleigh numbers. Two types of nanofluids namely, Al2O3-water and Cu-water, were considered. The effect of Rayleigh number (1010 to 1012), diameter of nanoparticles in the range 25-100 nm, nanoparticle volume fraction in range 0-0.08 and the aspect ratio (30, 40 and 50) on fluid flow and heat transfer are investigated. The present results are compared with previously published work and a qualitative agreement with good validation is obtained. Results show that addition of nanoparticles makes the liquid be more viscous which decreases the vertical velocity component and also decreases the temperature gradient near the walls. Also an announced heat transfer enhancement is obtained with nanoparticle volume fraction reaching a maximum point called optimal volume loading, at which the maximum convective heat transfer is obtained, and then it decreased with further increase of volume fraction.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
This study proposed the using of a smart structure principle with a methodology for reducing the difference (error) between the actual position (for a semi-flexible robot) and the theoretically calculated position (for a rigid robot) on- line. The methodology depends on the interfering between the maps of the two cases; the rigid case (ideal), and the deformed case (actual) for compensation of error. According to this methodology, a class (program) was built using the visual Basic.Net; this class is called the compensation class. In this work, a two degrees of freedom articulated type lightweight semi-flexible robot was used. This robot is confined to move in a vertical plane. The smart structure system was represented by; the sensors for measuring the error deformation variables were mounted on the two links of the robot, Data acquisition (DAQ) system and the actuators of the joints. The smart structure robot systems were designed and built in this work. Also, to control the smart structure robot’s systems, software was built using Visual Basic.Net. Compensation tests have been achieved on the complete system to check the performance and results of the compensation system. This system showed a good improvement in the performance of robot for compensation and reduction in the error between the ideal position (rigid robot) and the practical position (measured position). The average error after the compensation reduced to 12.32 times in the x-direction and 21.76 times in the y-direction.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
This paper describes a study of traffic behavior at AL-Jumhoryia street in Baghdad city. The objective is to use simulation program OSPSM to evaluate the performance of on street parking. The first stage of this research project takes the basic measurements carried out using video camera. The basic measurements are traffic flow, operating speed, parking time, unparking time, gap, and average duration. The second stage of the simulation program OSPSM was to run it using all the observed input parameters to obtain some measures of effectiveness such as the delays caused to through vehicles, the delays caused to parked vehicles, reduction in capacity, turnover rate, Parking Index, Parking accumulation. The main conclusion to the performance of on street parking is that it is reasonable, the average delay of parked vehicles and through vehicles at AL-Jmahory street is accepted value.
In the realm of cryptography, the Substitution-box (S-box) is a critical component for enhancing the security of encryption algorithms. The inherent characteristics of Chaos, such as sensitivity to beginning conditions and unpredictability, make it a highly suitable choice for encryption applications. In this paper, proposed a method for generating S-Boxes using 3D chaotic maps algorithms including (Cat map, Henon map, Sine map, and Cosine map). The primary focus is on enhancing the security and efficiency of cryptographic systems by leveraging the inherent complexity and unpredictability of chaotic maps. The design methodology focuses on achieving high non-linearity, optimal avalanche effect, and Strict Avalanche Criterion ( SAC ), ensuring that minor changes in plaintext result in significant alterations in the ciphertext. Our study presents a detailed analysis of the generated S-Boxes, demonstrating their robustness against common cryptographic attacks. Key findings include significant improvements in nonlinearity, differential uniformity, and bijectivity compared to traditional methods. The test findings and performance analysis indicate that our proposed S-Box exhibits much lower values of Linear Probability ( LP ) and Differential Probability ( DP ), while maintaining a suitable average value of nonlinearity. Additionally, discussed the broader implications of our findings, emphasizing how the proposed method can be employed to produce high-quality analytical results that enhance the security measures of cryptographic applications. This work adds valuable context to existing research and highlights the potential for our model to outperform conventional S-Box generation techniques.
Individuals with special needs who use lower limb prostheses (artificial devices designed to replace missing body parts) have specific sociocultural requirements that have driven the development of prosthetic feet. This study conducted a biomechanical analysis of three types of prosthetic feet (SACH, single-axis, and multi-axis) by comparing their biomechanical properties using ground reaction forces and an F-socket. The goal is to enhance prosthetic technology and improve the user experience for below-knee amputees by examining how different foot types affect stresses in below-knee prosthetic limbs during daily activities. The patient case study involves a 28-year-old man weighing 71 kg, who underwent a below-knee amputation of his left limb due to injuries sustained during battles with ISIS. Ground reaction force (GRF) testing is crucial for determining the forces exerted on a patient's feet while walking. Additionally, the Interface Pressure test was performed to measure the pressure between the remaining lower limb and the below-knee prosthetic socket using a pressure sensor. The healthy foot (right leg) served as the reference for comparison. The results of this study on GRF and knee force for various prosthetic feet provide valuable insights into their performance during gait analysis. The multi-axis foot demonstrated superior capabilities, potentially enhancing user mobility and quality of life. Furthermore, the F-socket test indicated that the multi-axis foot offers the best balance of pressure distribution, dynamic performance, and comfort, making it well-suited for adapting to different surfaces necessary for an active lifestyle.
This study investigates the influence of internal pressure and axial feeding loading paths on the quality of tubes in the hydroforming process. Numerical simulations were conducted to examine the effect of loading paths on final part characteristics, including thickness distribution and shape conformance. Finite element analyses were performed on small bulge-shaped copper tubes with a bulge width of 50 mm, wall thickness of 2 mm, and an outer diameter of 60 mm. A two-dimensional model was developed from a cylindrical tube, and simulations were conducted using ANSYS 11. Results indicate that the choice of loading path significantly affects the thickness distribution along the tube and determines the ability to achieve the target shape of the final product. The study provides practical guidelines for optimizing internal pressure and axial feeding programs in tube hydroforming operations.
The goal of the present paper is to study the adequacy of torsional provisions in the international buildings code (IBC) for irregular building taken into account effect of the angles of seismic attacks. The responses of the frame-shear-wall twelve- story asymmetric building under earthquake loading by using equivalent lateral force procedure and dynamic response spectrum analysis have been studied intensively in this present research paper. This study performs static and dynamic response analyses of building models under earthquake ground motions compatible with the design response spectrum defined in the international buildings code. The dynamic response spectrum was scaled according to the code static base shear. The static and dynamic base shear with different angles of seismic attacks has been calculated. The scaling factors, angles of seismic attacks, accidental storey torsions, storey shear, dynamic and static base shear have been evaluated here. The torsional moment at different storey levels for dynamic analysis has been estimated and compared with the static values.
Due to the wide use of rubber components in different engineering applications such as vibration isolators, engine mounts, car tires, and bridge bearing pads, etc. This rubber component mostly subjected to high levels of vibration and noise which are among the most reasons that lead to the failure of the structures. In the present paper has been performed experimentally to investigate the influences: different content ratios of natural rubber (NR) and polybutadiene (BR.cis) rubber blends [1: (50/50) %, 2: (60/40) %, 3: (70/30) %, 4: (80/20) %, 5: (90/10) %, 6: (100/0) % pphr], and two carbon blacks types (N375, and N220) on the dynamic properties (Rebound Resilience, Damping Time, and Decay Rate). The experimental results showed that the rubber compound that has the blending ratio [1: (50/50) %] has high resilience (low damping), high damping time and high displacement for two carbon black types used in this work. While these properties were improved whenever the rubber blend close to the percentage [5: (90/10) %]. The damping time, amplitude, and resilience of a rubber compound with a blending (90/10) % and carbon black (N220) are decreased by (24.53 %, 36.854 %, and 36.852 %), respectively, compared with a rubber blend that has the blending ratio of (50/50) %.
The present work aims to study the performance of reverse osmosis process at Al-Dura power station. The selected membrane which is used in this work is made from polyamide (thin film composite membrane (TFC)) constructed as spiral wound module. The basic advantages of this type of membrane are the higher productivity compared with the total volume of the module, and stability of the polymer towards the chernical effect. It was found that recovery percentage (or product rate), rejection percentage (or solute concentration in product), and concentration factor decreases with increasing operating time for reverse osmosis unit, whereas, the operating pressure for reverse osmosis unit increase with time. Maximum salt rejection percentage and Maximum recovery percentage were determined to be 96% and 75% respectively for polyamide membrane.
In this paper, a compact ultra-wide band (UWB) printed patch antenna is designed and optimized using four biologically and plant inspired optimization algorithms. These algorithms are the newly adopted Moss Rose Optimization Algorithm (MROA), Runner Root Algorithm (RRA), Sunflower Optimization Algorithm (SFOA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). These algorithms are modified in an optimizer software, which merges the attributes of the design of electromagnetic environment of CST Microwave Studio with those of the technical programming environment of MATLAB. A compact (12 × 21.5) mm 2 printed patch antenna has been proposed and simulated over the whole UWB frequency range using these four optimization algorithms. The simulation results show the superiority of the antenna design using MROA, which has the widest covered frequency range, the lowest reflection coefficient and the lowest standing wave ratio.
The aim of this research is to predict the shrinkage defects in Al-Si castings by determination the suitable parameters and techniques which can be applied in casting simulation system. Also, it aims to specify the role of silicon content in amount, morphology, and distribution of these defects. The Numerical solution has been carried out using an explicit 3-D finite difference method for the given system of the casting and a mold. Additionally, an experimental casting of the studied samples was achieved. It was found that the shrinkage porosities increased with increasing the silicon content up to 7%, so at this peak, they spread in alt cast regions and cannot be predicted. The low silicon alloys suffered from only the shrinkage cavities defects that can be predicted by mapping the solidus time contours. Finally, it was concluded that the critical temperature gradient value of the porosities development in the eutectic (AI-12%Si) alloys was 1.3°C/cm.
The finite element method is used to simulate the soil vibration behavior due to the Basrah-Baghdad passenger train and its effect on a targeted building in the Al-Ma'qal quarter, Basrah governorate. Three-dimensional dynamic elastic analyses are performed to calculate the particle velocities for a train speed of 120 km/hr. The effectiveness of screening using active (10 m long) open trench barriers with variable depth (2 m - 5 m) and width (0.4 m - 0.8 m), is being studied. For a given trench width (0.4 m), the results of the parametric study revealed a considerable effect of trench depth where the screening capability near the trench is increased by (10.4 %, 26.1 %, 36.3 %) due to a (50 %, 100 %, 150 %) increase in depth. The results are less sensitive to the variation in trench width. The screening capability of a double open (0.4 m × 10 m × 2 m) trench system was also investigated, where a mitigation improvement of (36.4 %) was achieved. The vibration mitigation using single and double trench systems, filled with (40 %) rubber content mixture, was also analyzed. It is concluded that using the additional passive trench increases the mitigation of the single system by around 19.1 %. An important finding is that the (40 % rubber + 60 % native cohesive soil) mixture proved to be a good filling material, since the infilled-trench systems produced comparable screening ratios to the open systems, where (97.7 %) and (85.4 %) were accomplished for the single and double systems, respectively.
The hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is considered an effective technique to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. The effectiveness of the HEVs in reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions is required an accurate division of the total power demand between energy sources. This aim is reached by an accurate design of energy management strategy (EMS) in the HEVs. Dynamic programming is an effective strategy to found the optimal solution for energy management. This technique requires the driving cycle to be known previously, wherefore it's not suitable to implement in real-time. The Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) is an effective technique that can be implemented in real-time. This strategy is used to estimate and adapt the equivalent factor (EF) in real-time, which is used to convert the electric energy from the battery to equivalent fuel cost. The value of the (EF) varies with the driving cycle, therefore, the (EF) is suitable for a certain driving cycle and may lead to weak performance to another. This work proposed a technique based on the battery state of charge feedback called adaptive prediction (AP) to estimate and adapt the equivalent factor in real-time. The best-obtained results are ranged between (11.1 to 32.889) % for several different driving cycles.