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Go to Editorial ManagerSolar power systems, also known as photovoltaic (PV) systems, are widely used as a clean and sustainable energy source worldwide. However, these systems can be affected by various factors that contribute to dust accumulation, which have been grouped into five categories: module characteristics, environmental factors, climatic conditions, exposure situations, and soiling properties. Dust accumulation can significantly impact photovoltaic modules' efficiency and power output, leading to a decrease in electricity generation. Airborne dust reduces the intensity of solar radiation by scattering and absorbing it, especially in hot and dry regions such as southern Iraq. This study provides an updated overview of the process of dust accumulation on photovoltaic modules south of Iraq. Moreover, it illustrates the methods used to measure dust accumulation and the performance of solar PV under soiling. Furthermore, it exemplifies the sources of the soiling generation. Additionally, it demonstrates the composition and size of dust particles. Finally, future research perspectives are discussed, and a thorough investigation of the impact of dust is suggested in all regions of Iraq and even in all countries of the world, especially those interested in clean energy. This research aims to understand the effect of dust soiling on PV performance. The outcome of this research will help design the PV module system while considering the most effective method to reduce or prevent dust accumulation in specific areas.
In this research work, the influence of cutting parameters and drill point angle on the temperature distribution in dry drilling of stainless steel AISI 304 was numerically investigated by using FE method based on DEFORM-3D V.11 commercial software. Two cutting tools of 10 mm diameter but different in point angles, one is 110° and the other is 118°. These tools were imported from specific website in a format of STL and inserted in the program during modeling of cutting tools. The material of the cutting tools is selected as high-speed steel. The workpiece model is created as cylindrical shape with 50 mm diameter and 5 mm thickness. The cutting parameters are selected as three cutting speeds (100, 200, and 300) rpm, with three feed rates (0.15, 0.25, and 0.35) mm/rev. The depth of hole is fixed for all simulations (3 mm). The percentage of increase or decrease in the resulted temperature according to the various cutting parameter was also calculated and discussed. The best cutting performance of tools according to the change of point angles was also investigated. The results provided a significant influence of cutting speed and tool point angle on the temperature generated in the machined models and very small influence of feed speed on the workpiece temperature.