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Go to Editorial ManagerThe transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is a crucial step towards mitigating climate change and addressing the global energy crisis. The increasing use of lithium-ion batteries in EVs is attributed to their superior power density and efficiency. However, ensuring optimal battery performance and safety necessitates effective thermal management due to the significant heat generated during operation. Current cooling systems face challenges in maintaining the desired temperature range and uniformity. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art techniques in battery thermal management, focusing on phase change material (PCM) cooling and different cooling methods. This study, in accordance with its developments, compares the advantages and limitations of various cooling methods as potential solutions for next-generation EVs. It highlights the potential of method cooling, which, while promising, needs further research to establish its commercial viability and aims to guide future advancements in battery thermal management for next-generation EVs. Under both typical and extreme usage scenarios, direct cooling may enhance the necessary battery performance and serve as an innovative method for managing the temperature of electric vehicle batteries. The primary challenge of this technique lies in its suitability for commercial application. This article is organized to cover the thermal properties of lithium-ion batteries, the main issues associated with lithium-ion battery heat, a discussion of reversible and irreversible heat generation and their effects on battery performance, as well as strategies for preventing and mitigating thermal runaway in battery systems. Finally, it summarizes the key recommendations for future research on battery thermal management.
Recently, Internet of Thing technology has been used to develop numerous applications, this paper compromising design and implementation of greenhouse prototype that integrated with the IoT to adjust the system’s parameters and monitor the system status from any place in this world. This system involves three intelligent controllers that designed to stabilize the temperature degree, water level in soil, and light intensity inside the greenhouse prototype structure. These systems have been built by two important parts: the hardware and software. The hardware part could be achieved by designing and implementing the control circuits, actuators, and install the sensors as well as the devices. The second one is the software part which is involves implementing Fuzzy Inference Engine that represent the system’s brain that monitor and manage the entire process in the system to ensure the best performance. This system has been built to contain three control systems that means there are three different Fuzzy controllers. In order to keep the system practicality, the fuzzy controllers should be aggregated in single code that resides in single microcontroller chip with additional codes that perform the IoT duties. The proposed IoT system provides the ability for specific people to monitor and manage their systems remotely, using a web application with cloud technology. The major contributions of the proposed system are started by downloading the controller’s set-points (the desired environmental conditions) from the web page, transfer the set- points to the controllers, and upload data that read from sensors to the same web page.)