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Go to Editorial ManagerIn this paper, a new approach for the positioning (localization) of multi-node systems is presented. Each node including the beacon node contains two types of sensors: one for the distance sensing and the other type is for communication. The main idea of our proposed approach is to use the control of beacon to construct a nodes' tree which is going to be used later by the nodes to know the paths in which the information will flow. During the tree construction the identities of nodes will be known. Every node except the beacon will use the information obtained from its previous neighbor in the tree to find its own location and orientation. Several simulations using visual basic 2012 are implemented to discern the performance of this algorithm.
Scour around bridge foundations is one of the major causes of severe damage to bridge structures. This study experimentally investigated the effects of key parameters, including pier shape, foundation shape, foundation level, flow intensity, and Froude number, on local scour for non-uniform pier geometries. Three foundation shapes (rectangular, oblong, and hexagonal) and three pier shapes (rectangular, oblong, and hexagonal) were examined, with a constant foundation depth of 8 cm. The results demonstrated that scour depth is strongly influenced by foundation level and by the shapes of both piers and foundations. Among the tested configurations, the hexagonal foundation exhibited the lowest scour depth, followed by oblong and rectangular shapes, respectively. Positioning the foundation below the bed level further reduced scour depth around the pier. Additionally, the hexagonal pier produced the minimum scour because of its smaller exposed surface area. These findings highlight the importance of structural geometry and foundation placement in minimizing local scour at bridge piers.