×
The submission system is temporarily under maintenance. Please send your manuscripts to
Go to Editorial ManagerHuman beings are facing an unprecedented rise in temperature rates not recorded for years. HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems have been created and enhanced to solve this issue. Cooling load must be estimated with accepted methodologies before designing an efficient and effective air conditioning system. Companies, researchers, institutions, and others advise and develop many cooling load calculation methods. Each one of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages and may give a slightly different result for the same case. For each building, whether it was residential or commercial buildings, gyms, or shopping malls, before making the decision on (HVAC) systems to be used, both heating and cooling loads should be obtained as correctly as possible to minimize expenses as possible. Since the HVAC system consumes the most energy in an air-conditioned building, an accurate method of cooling load estimation is necessary. Consequently, an energy-efficient air conditioning system reduces greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere while also saving money on electricity. Two cases have been compared and studied, one in Dubai UAE, and the other in Baghdad Iraq. Three different methods, HAP, hand calculation method (CLTD/SCL/CLF), and MS-EXCEL E20 form sheet were used to compare the accuracy of the results for cooling load. Results of E20 and HAP are very close to each other with high accuracy for peak load, the big difference can be found between the CLTD method and the other two methods. The value of the maximum difference percentage was found between CLTD and E20 equals 3.28% and 7.96%, on the other hand, the lowest difference was equals to 0.3% and 1.51% between HAP and E20 results for Baghdad and Dubai respectively. Traditional and local materials came from local factories, used in buildings played a big effect on the results, which may not match those materials stated in the ASHRAE or CARRIER tables, which need to be considered in the results and calculation procedure. However, all methods have a percentage of difference but all results are within the accepted range and are applicable for practical cases. Of course, this percentage is minimal with some methods and maximum with others.
This paper explores the significance of energy conservation in the context of rising energy consumption and its impact on economic growth. With a focus on cooling systems, particularly evaporative condenser technology, the study aims to investigate its fundamentals, operating principles, and theoretical aspects. The paper delves into the various types of condensers used in cooling systems, emphasizing the role of evaporative condensers in enhancing heat transfer efficiency. The operating principles of evaporative condensers are detailed, considering factors such as air and water flow rates, wet bulb temperatures, and heat transfer coefficients. Theoretical models and mathematical approaches for evaluating evaporative condenser performance are also reviewed. The research includes an extensive review of existing literature on evaporative condenser technology, covering refrigeration models, HVAC systems, and various experimental studies. Theoretical models are discussed, highlighting the challenges in accurately modeling evaporative condenser behavior. The paper also presents achievements and advancements in research, including experiments that demonstrate the positive impact of evaporative cooling on air-cooled condenser systems. Various case studies and experimental validations showcase the potential energy savings and improved performance achieved through the incorporation of evaporative condensers in cooling systems. By switching from an air-cooled to an evaporatively-cooled condenser, one can reduce electricity consumption by 58%, according to research. This alternate condenser type improves performance by 113.4% at from 3 to 3000 kW of cooling power.
The direct-contact evaporation method is characterized by its effectiveness in applications of heat exchangers, especially in cooling systems, due to the absence of any heat resistors that prevent the transfer of heat between the cold and hot medium. The direct contact heat transfer depends mainly on how quickly the heat is taken by the bubbles of the evaporative refrigerant from the liquid and the increase in its volume up to the top of the heat exchanger, which is usually a cylindrical liquid column so that the temperature drop therein is uniform and even. There is much research on the method of heat transfer by direct contact. In this research, we collected and summarized most of the theoretical and practical researches that examined this method with the most important findings.