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Go to Editorial ManagerThis study aims to evaluate quality of groundwater samples in south of Basrah Province for industrial, construction and agricultural purposes. Groundwater samples were collected in summer season of the year 2015 from (29) wells located in different districts in Basrah province (Safwan, Zubair and Um- Qasir). The groundwater samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and other major ions. The chemical results indicate that the groundwater in the study area was unsuitable for industrial uses according to standard classification. Some other standard classification recommended that, the unsuitable groundwater could be used after treatment of some of its element while groundwater in study area may be used for construction purposes with suitable treatment of high ions concentration. After studying the factors that determine the suitability of groundwater for irrigation purpose such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, Sodium ratio(Na%) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The groundwater in study area can be classify based on (EC) values, as unacceptable for irrigation except for very salt-tolerant plants and excellent drainage. According to other parameters like Na% and SAR , groundwater of the study area are classify as poor to very poor water and need for suitable treatment before using it.
Groundwater in arid and semi-arid regions, such as the studied area (Safwan Al-Zubair area, south of Iraq), is of specific meaning as a major source for domestic use and irrigation demand. There is a need to better understand the interactions between groundwater and surface water (Shatt Al-Basrah Canal). These interactions can negatively affect the quality of groundwater in this area, especially that the water of Shatt Al- Basrah Canal contains highly concentrated pollutants. The aim of the study is to investigate the temporal disparity of river-aquifer interactions and count the amount of river interchange among canal and aquifer. In this research, a new concept of paradigm will be advanced utilizing RIVER package of Groundwater River Paradigm (MODFLOW) for the simulation of river-aquifer interaction operations. Six monitoring wells are chosen to evaluate the preliminary and historical groundwater hydraulic heads for six months and then use all collected data in Modflow to execute the simulation of numerical modeling to assessment the interaction between surface water and groundwater. The amount of seepage out from the canal towards the aquifer was (64.99 m 3 /day) in wet season (winter season), as a result of the high levels of the surface water compared to the hydraulic heads of groundwater. The amount of seepage in dry season towards the aquifer is equal to (336.8 m 3 /day).
A linked simulation-optimization model for obtaining the optimum management of groundwater flow is presented in this research. (MODFLOW, 98) packages are used to simulate the flow of the groundwater system. This model is integrated with an optimization model which is based on the genetic algorithm (GA). Three management cases were undertaken by running the model with adopted calibrated parameters. In the first case found the optimum value of the objective function is (0.32947E+08 m3/year), in other words, the pumping rates could be raised to nine times the current pumping rates, with a highest decline in the hydraulic heads of groundwater compared with initial hydraulic heads reached to 6 cm. In a second case twenty six wells out of thirty five can be operated with "on/off" status associated with each well to obtain the maximum value of pumping rate. In third case is allowed to move a location of well anywhere within a user defined region of the model grid until the optimal location is reached. The optimum value of objective function in third case is (0.35539E+08 m3/year) with 8% increasing of the pumping rates compared with the first case. This is due to the random distribution of existing well locations.
A two-dimensional mathematical model has been constructed by using finite difference method for representation the groundwater flow in both steady and unsteady states at the upper aquifer of Dibdibba formation. The hydraulic characteristics of this aquifer have been redistributed based on observed data for the period (1988• l 989). A verification test is added to check the model correctness by matching the calculoted levels with the ones observed for the year 2000.A model was set to predict the groundwater levels up to the year 2010. Results of prediction show a reduction in groundwater level about (Im) in the central parts of the study area compared to the level of this groundwater in the year 2000.0n the other hand, this decrease is reaches (0.5m) in the western parts of this area.
Recently, methods have emerged to assess the vulnerability of groundwater to pollution, which has been adopted by many countries that depend on groundwater as an important and supportive resource for surface water to protect groundwater and monitor and control its pollution. Assessment methods adopt vulnerability maps and compare them with the real-life pollution map of the region. The study was conducted in Al-Teeb area, which is located in the northeast of Missan province, south of Iraq. This area is about 2450 km 2 . This study applied four models DRASTIC, GOD, SINTACS and Modified DRASTIC of vulnerability maps are analyzed using GIS technique and compared with the reality map which represent the nitrate concentration map as a basic comparison map; in order to choose the closest one with respect to the realistic acting. The results showed that 80.29 % of study area is classified under low vulnerability in DRASTIC method and moderate vulnerability in GOD, SINTACS and MD-DRASTIC which are covered 54.12 %, 83.18 % and 72.35 % of study area respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to compare the four methods with the nitrate concentration map, where the correlation value for DRASTIC, GOD, SINTACS and MD-DRASTIC was 73.05, 49.79, 83.23 and 87.94 %, respectively. So, the MD-DRASTIC is represented the best technique for evaluating vulnerability map in the study area which can be recommended.
Safwan-Zubair area is regarded as one of the important agricultural areas in Basrah province, South of Iraq. The aim of this study is to predict groundwater level in this area using ANNs model. The data required for building the ANNs model are generated using MODFLOW model (V.5.3). MODFLOW model was calibrated based on field measurements of groundwater level in 13 monitoring wells during a period of one year (Nov./2013 to Oct/2014). The neural network toolbox available in MATLAB version 7.1 (2010B) was used to develop the ANN models. Three layers feed-forward network with Log- sigmoid transfer function was used. The networks were trained using Levenberg-Marquradt back-propagation algorithm. The ANN modes are divided into two groups, each of four models. The input data of the first group include hydraulic heads, while, the input data of the second group include hydraulic heads and recharge rates. Based on results of this study it was found that; the best ANN model for predicting groundwater levels in the study area is obtained when the input data includes hydraulic heads and recharge rates of two successive months preceding the target month, the best structure of ANN model is of three layers feed-forward network type composes of two hidden layers, each of ten nodes, and the including of recharge rates as input data, beside the hydraulic heads has improved slightly the results.
An-Najaf Province is one of the most important cities in Iraq and is experiencing rapid population growth and continuous expansion of infrastructure, including residential buildings, hotels, bridges, and commercial centers. This study aims to establish a spatial database of gypsum content in soils across An-Najaf Province, including Najaf city center and Al-Kufa city, to support safe geotechnical design. A total of 464 boreholes and in situ test records were analyzed using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to assess the spatial variability of gypsum content. The adopted methodology comprised four main stages: data collection, georeferencing of geotechnical data, application of interpolation methods, and map generation. Nine geotechnical distribution maps were produced for depths of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 35 m. Results indicated that the 0–4 m depth layer is predominantly moderately gypsiferous, with gypsum content ranging between 10–25%. The 4–8 m depth layer is mainly slightly gypsiferous, with values between 3–10%, while deeper layers from 8 to 35 m are very slightly gypsiferous, with contents ranging from 0.3–3%. These findings show that the near-surface layers (0–4 m) exceed the allowable gypsum content limit of 10%, which may pose potential risks to construction stability, particularly in combination with the high groundwater levels in the Najaf region.