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Go to Editorial ManagerAISI 4330 Low-alloy steel is good material for advanced application because of its properties including strength and longevity. However, performance may be modified with heat treatment procedures, include quenching and tempering. These processes can create residual stresses and retained austenite (RA), which have an effect on the metal's application. these factors influence fatigue life, dimensional stability, and fracture toughness of engineered components. uncontrolled residual stresses can reduce fatigue strength by up to 30%, while optimal retained austenite content (e.g., 5-10%) can enhance damage tolerance. This study focuses on residual stresses and retained austenite measurement in AISI 4330 low-alloy steel after heat treatment. including experimental and simulation methods. The review summarizes many scientific studies published between 2019 and 2024 and shows some main challenges. One challenge is the difference between experimental results (for example, from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and neutron (diffraction) and simulation results (especially using ANSYS software). Another challenge is that different methods for measuring retained austenite can give different results, which can change how we understand the steel's properties. The review also explains new progress in modeling heat treatment. This includes adding phase transformation models to finite element simulations. Future efforts should combine multiscale simulation, characterization, and machine learning to achieve predictive control over these properties in manufacturing.
The present study aims to investigate the influence of heat treatment and surface finish on the behavior of crevice corrosion resistance of AISI 410 and 416 martensitic stainless steels thus, to quantify the conditions at which crevice corrosion minimize as possible. The experimental work carried out during this study involves material selection, chemical composition tests, specimens preparation before heat treatments, austenitizing at temperature range (925-1010˚C) and for holding time periods of (30, 45 and 90 min), air and oil quenching followed by tempering at heating range of (205- 605 ̊C) and for 45 min, micro hardness tests, specimens grinding, surface roughness measurements, crevice corrosion tests, crevice evaluation and microstructure tests. Theoretically, empirical equations for crevice maximum depth under the effect of surface roughness and hardness for both AISI 410 and 416 steels were determined. While for microstructure analysis, carbides average area was determined by using the ImageJ analysis program and a mathematical model was also predicted. Results showed that, as hardness and surface roughness increase crevice corrosion resistance decreases. Therefore, material treated by annealing can minimize crevice corrosion rates more than that treated with hardening.
This study presents an attempt for establishment of sustainable development and management policies for utilization of Basrah coastal aquifer. The simulation/optimization approach is used with application to Um-Qasr aquifer in Basrah. In this research, 5 management schemes for sustainable use of a coastal aquifer exposed to seawater intrusion were developed and solved. The objective of the management models is to maximize the total amount of water pumped from the aquifer for beneficial use, and optimum location, numbers and redistribution of wells. Salt concentration of the pumped water from each of the pumping well was considered as a main constraint together with the minimum water head which is considered to control saltwater intrusion by heads balances with time. Solutions of the management schemes are based on a linkage between a simulation module SEAWAT and Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm optimization module. The heads and concentrations, calculated by the simulation model based on pumping rates, are used in a SA optimization procedure to achieve an optimum solution. The five multi-objective management schemes were applied on Um-Qasr coastal aquifer. The results show that using simulation / optimization approach in Um- Qasr region can improve planning and management policies and can give better decision for aquifer utilization. The results show that the aquifer can safely increase its pumping rate by (175%) greater than its current abstraction according to the results of schemes 1.