×
The submission system is temporarily under maintenance. Please send your manuscripts to
Go to Editorial ManagerConstructed wetlands are engineered systems used for wastewater treatment with the objective of reusing water under controlled conditions by mimicking natural treatment mechanisms involving porous media, plants, and microbial communities. This study investigates the performance of a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland, where wastewater flows through a gravel bed and vegetation roots, allowing contact with biofilm developed within the wetland substrate. To evaluate treated water quality, physical, chemical, and biological parameters were measured. Field results demonstrated that pollutant removal efficiency increased with detention time. After 3, 4, and 6 days of treatment, average removal efficiencies were 47.7%, 53.2%, and 77.5% for COD; 45.1%, 52.8%, and 64.4% for total nitrogen (TN); and 55.4%, 58.8%, and 72.2% for ammonium (NH₄), respectively. Nitrate removal averaged 19.41% after 3 days. These findings confirm that the horizontal flow constructed wetland system is effective in reducing key wastewater pollutants.
Since the 1970s, rainwater harvesting has gained more attention, specifically in semi-arid and arid areas. It is essential to take into account how much water can be collected from a single catchment site. Rainfall that has been harvested provides an alternative source of water in the northern region of Iraq. Numerous scholars have developed and executed a range of strategies and guidelines to choose appropriate locations and methods for rainwater harvesting (RWH). However, choosing the optimal method or set of rules for the choice of site is challenging. This study's primary goal was to evaluate previous research regarding the selection of appropriate RWH locations in northern Iraq by assembling a list of the most important techniques and guidelines that evolved over the previous thirty years. The primary factors considered in the process of choosing acceptable locations for RWH were soil type, slope, land use/cover, rainfall, and runoff. A literature review for RWH indicated that these criteria were chosen more frequently and significantly, and the opinions of experts should be used to establish the weight of each criterion. The majority of studies select RHW sites using geographic information systems, hydrological models, and multi-criteria analysis.